美國訟務次長
美國訟務次長（英語：Solicitor General of the United States，中國大陸作美國副總檢察長）[1][2][3]是美國司法部排名第四的高級官員，繼司法部長、副部長及助理部長之後。該職位自2021年10月28日起由伊莉莎白·普雷洛加擔任。
| 美國訟務次長 | |
|---|---|
| Solicitor General of the United States | |
 訟務次長旗幟 | |
| 美國司法部 | |
| 尊稱 | 訟務次長先生／女士（Mr. or Madam Solicitor General） |
| 直屬 | 美國司法部長 |
| 機關所在地 | 美國最高法院大樓及司法部大樓 |
| 任命者 | 美國總統 （參照參議院意見並得其同意） |
| 設立法源 | 美國法典第28編 § 第505節 |
| 設立 | 1870年10月 |
| 首任 | 班傑明·布里斯托 |
| 副職 | 首席副訟務次長（Principal Deputy Solicitor General） |
| 網站 | www.usdoj.gov |
美國訟務次長在美國最高法院代表美國聯邦政府參加訟辯。美國在最高法院採取的法律立場即由訟務次長決定。除了監管及處理政府作為訴訟方的案件外，訟務次長辦公室還會在與聯邦政府有重大利益關聯的案件中提交法庭之友摘要。幾乎所有以「合眾國」為與訟一方的案件中，訟務次長辦公室都會代表政府出庭爭辯，並在大多數政府曾提交「法庭之友」摘要的案件中出庭爭辯。在聯邦上訴法院，訟務次長辦公室會審視對合眾國不利的案件，並決定政府是否應向最高法院尋求覆核。訟務次長辦公室還會審視聯邦地區法院對合眾國作出的裁決，並就政府對案件的上訴做出核准決定。
訟務次長辦公室的組成
訟務次長由4名副訟務次長（deputy solicitors general）及17名訟務次長助理（assistants to the solicitor general）協助。其中3名副訟務次長是司法部的職業律師，剩下的1名副訟務次長被稱為「首席副訟務次長」（Principal Deputy Solicitor General）。與訟務次長相同，首席副訟務次長通常在政府任期結束時卸任。
訟務次長或一名副訟務次長通常會在最高法院為最重要的案件爭辯。其他案件可能由其中一名助理或其他政府律師（government attorney）參與訟辯。每個最高法院任期內，訟務次長通常會在6至9個案件中爭辯，而每名副訟務次長在4至5個案件中爭辯，每名助理則會在2至3個案件中爭辯。[4]
歷任訟務次長
| 訟務次長 | 任期 | 委任總統 |
|---|---|---|
| 班傑明·布里斯托 | October 11, 1870 – November 15, 1872 | 尤利西斯·辛普森·格蘭特 |
| Samuel Phillips | December 11, 1872 – May 1, 1885 | |
| John Goode | May 1, 1885 – August 5, 1886 | 格羅弗·克里夫蘭 |
| George Jenks | July 30, 1886 – May 29, 1889 | |
| Orlow Chapman | May 29, 1889 – January 19, 1890 | 班傑明·哈里遜 |
| 威廉·霍華德·塔虎脫 | February 4, 1890 – March 20, 1892 | |
| Charles Aldrich | March 21, 1892 – May 28, 1893 | |
| Lawrence Maxwell | April 6, 1893 – January 30, 1895 | 格羅弗·克里夫蘭 |
| Holmes Conrad | February 6, 1895 – July 1, 1897 | |
| John Richards | July 6, 1897 – March 16, 1903 | 威廉·麥金萊 |
| Henry Hoyt | February 25, 1903 – March 31, 1909 | 狄奧多·羅斯福 |
| Lloyd Bowers | April 1, 1909 – September 9, 1910 | 威廉·霍華德·塔虎脫 |
| Frederick Lehmann | December 12, 1910 – July 15, 1912 | |
| William Bullitt | July 16, 1912 – March 11, 1913 | |
| 約翰·威廉·戴維斯 | August 30, 1913 – November 26, 1918 | 伍德羅·威爾遜 |
| Alexander King | November 27, 1918 – May 23, 1920 | |
| William Frierson | June 1, 1920 – June 30, 1921 | |
| James Beck | June 1, 1921 – May 11, 1925 | 沃倫·蓋瑪利爾·哈定 |
| William Mitchell | June 4, 1925 – March 5, 1929 | 卡爾文·柯立芝 |
| Charles Hughes | May 27, 1929 – April 16, 1930 | 赫伯特·胡佛 |
| Thomas Thacher | March 22, 1930 – May 4, 1933 | |
| James Biggs | May 5, 1933 – March 24, 1935 | 富蘭克林·德拉諾·羅斯福 |
| Stanley Reed | March 25, 1935 – January 30, 1938 | |
| 羅伯特·H·傑克森 | March 5, 1938 – January 17, 1940 | |
| 法蘭西斯·貝弗利·比德爾 | January 22, 1940 – September 4, 1941 | |
| Charles Fahy | November 15, 1941 – September 27, 1945 | |
| Howard McGrath | October 4, 1945 – October 7, 1946 | 哈瑞·S·杜魯門 |
| Philip Perlman | July 30, 1947 – August 15, 1952 | |
| Walter Cummings | December 2, 1952 – March 1, 1953 | |
| Simon Sobeloff | February 10, 1954 – July 19, 1956 | 德懷特·艾森豪 |
| Lee Rankin | August 4, 1956 – January 23, 1961 | |
| Archibald Cox | January 24, 1961 – July 31, 1965 | 約翰·甘迺迪 |
| 瑟古德·馬紹爾 | August 11, 1965 – August 30, 1967 | 林登·詹森 |
| Erwin Griswold | October 12, 1967 – June 25, 1973 | |
| Robert Bork | June 27, 1973 – January 20, 1977 | 理察·尼克森 |
| 傑拉德·福特 | ||
| Daniel Friedman 署理 |
January 20, 1977 – March 4, 1977 | 吉米·卡特 |
| Wade McCree | March 4, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | |
| Rex Lee | August 6, 1981 – June 1, 1985 | 隆納·雷根 |
| Charles Fried | October 23, 1985 – January 20, 1989 Acting: June 1, 1985 – October 23, 1985 | |
| William Bryson 署理 |
January 20, 1989 – May 27, 1989 | 喬治·赫伯特·華克·布希 |
| Ken Starr | May 27, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | |
| William Bryson 署理 |
January 20, 1993 – June 7, 1993 | 比爾·柯林頓 |
| Drew Days | June 7, 1993 – June 28, 1996 | |
| Walter Dellinger 署理 |
June 28, 1996 – November 7, 1997 | |
| Seth Waxman | November 7, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | |
| Barbara Underwood 署理 |
January 20, 2001 – June 13, 2001 | 喬治·沃克·布希 |
| 狄奧多·奧爾森 | June 13, 2001 – July 13, 2004 | |
| Paul Clement | June 13, 2005 – June 2, 2008 Acting: July 13, 2004 – June 13, 2005 | |
| Gregory Garre | October 2, 2008 – January 20, 2009 Acting: June 2, 2008 – October 2, 2008 | |
| Edwin Kneedler 署理 |
January 20, 2009 – March 20, 2009 | 巴拉克·歐巴馬 |
| 艾蕾娜·卡根 | March 20, 2009 – May 17, 2010 | |
| Neal Katyal 署理 |
May 17, 2010 – June 9, 2011 | |
| Don Verrilli | June 9, 2011 – June 25, 2016 | |
| Ian Gershengorn 署理 |
June 25, 2016 – January 20, 2017 | |
| Noel Francisco 署理 |
January 20, 2017 – March 10, 2017 | 唐納·川普 |
| Jeff Wall 署理 |
March 10, 2017 – September 19, 2017 | |
| Noel Francisco | September 19, 2017 – July 3, 2020 | |
| Jeff Wall 署理 |
July 3, 2020 – January 20, 2021 | |
| Elizabeth Prelogar 署理 |
January 20, 2021 – August 11, 2021 | 喬·拜登 |
| Brian Fletcher 署理 |
August 11, 2021 – October 28, 2021 | |
| Elizabeth Prelogar | October 28, 2021 – present |
- Note: Some terms overlap because the incumbent remained in office after a successor was named. The office has been vacant at times while awaiting the nomination or confirmation of a successor.
首席副訟務次長列表
- Paul M. Bator – 1982 to 1983
- Donald B. Ayer – June 1986 to December 1988
- John Roberts – October 1989–January 1993[5] (Became Chief Justice)
- Paul Bender – 1993–1996
- Seth Waxman – 1996–1997 (Became Solicitor General)
- Barbara Underwood – March 1997 to January 2001 (acting SG from January to June 2001)
- Paul D. Clement – 2001 to July 2004 (became acting SG)
- Gregory G. Garre – September 2005-June 19, 2008 (became acting SG)
- Neal Katyal – January 2009 to May 2010 (became acting SG)
- Leondra Kruger – acting principal deputy SG named in August 2010
- Sri Srinivasan – August 2011 to May 2013 (became Chief Judge of D.C. Circuit)
- Ian Gershengorn – September 2013 to June 2016 (became Acting SG)
- Noel Francisco – January 20, 2017 to March 10, 2017 (became SG)
- Jeff Wall – March 10, 2017 to January 20, 2021 (became Acting SG)[6][7]
- Elizabeth Prelogar – January 20, 2021 - October 28, 2021 (became SG)
參見
參考文獻
- ^ 美國「法庭之友」制度簡介. 民間司改會數位典藏. 2012-12-30 [2022-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-25） （中文（臺灣））.
- ^ 林超駿. 行政權之釋憲機制:美國聯邦訴訟(次)長(Solicitor General)制度與運作簡介 (180). 2010-05-01 [2022-08-25]. （原始內容存檔於2022-08-25）.
- ^ 商務部中國國際電子商務中心. 美国法典第101条——American Axle案与《专利资格恢复法案》. 商務部中國保護智慧財產權網. [2023-04-14]. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-14）.
- ^ Bhatia, Kedar S. Updated Advocate Scorecard (OT00-10). Daily Writ. April 17, 2011 [2022-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2011-12-31）.
- ^ Archived copy (PDF). leahy.senate.gov. [12 January 2022]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於30 January 2006）.
- ^ Chris Geidner on Twitter: "Big news in here: Jeff Wall (Trump-era hire, came from Sullivan & Cromwell, is returning to DOJ) is now the US acting solicitor general.". Twitter. March 13, 2017 [July 7, 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-18）.
- ^ DOJ's Jeffrey Wall Will Be Acting US Solicitor, as Noel Francisco Heads Out. Law.com. June 17, 2020 [July 7, 2020]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-17）.