美国讼务次长
美国副总检察长（英语：Solicitor General of the United States，台湾作美国讼务次长）[1][2][3]是美国司法部排名第四的高级官员，继司法部长、常务副部长及助理部长之后。该职位自2021年10月28日起由伊莉莎白·普雷洛加担任。
| 美国讼务次长 | |
|---|---|
| Solicitor General of the United States | |
 讼务次长旗帜 | |
| 美国司法部 | |
| 尊称 | 讼务次长先生／女士（Mr. or Madam Solicitor General） |
| 直属 | 美国司法部长 |
| 机关所在地 | 美国最高法院大楼及司法部大楼 |
| 任命者 | 美国总统 （参照参议院意见并得其同意） |
| 设立法源 | 美国法典第28编 § 第505节 |
| 设立 | 1870年10月 |
| 首任 | 本杰明·布里斯托 |
| 副职 | 首席副讼务次长（Principal Deputy Solicitor General） |
| 网站 | www.usdoj.gov |
美国讼务次长在美国最高法院代表美国联邦政府参加讼辩。美国在最高法院采取的法律立场即由讼务次长决定。除了监管及处理政府作为诉讼方的案件外，讼务次长办公室还会在与联邦政府有重大利益关联的案件中提交法庭之友摘要。几乎所有以“合众国”为与讼一方的案件中，讼务次长办公室都会代表政府出庭争辩，并在大多数政府曾提交“法庭之友”摘要的案件中出庭争辩。在联邦上诉法院，讼务次长办公室会审视对合众国不利的案件，并决定政府是否应向最高法院寻求复核。讼务次长办公室还会审视联邦地区法院对合众国作出的裁决，并就政府对案件的上诉做出核准决定。
讼务次长办公室的组成
讼务次长由4名副讼务次长（deputy solicitors general）及17名讼务次长助理（assistants to the solicitor general）协助。其中3名副讼务次长是司法部的职业律师，剩下的1名副讼务次长被称为“首席副讼务次长”（Principal Deputy Solicitor General）。与讼务次长相同，首席副讼务次长通常在政府任期结束时卸任。
讼务次长或一名副讼务次长通常会在最高法院为最重要的案件争辩。其他案件可能由其中一名助理或其他政府律师（government attorney）参与讼辩。每个最高法院任期内，讼务次长通常会在6至9个案件中争辩，而每名副讼务次长在4至5个案件中争辩，每名助理则会在2至3个案件中争辩。[4]
历任讼务次长
| 讼务次长 | 任期 | 委任总统 |
|---|---|---|
| 本杰明·布里斯托 | October 11, 1870 – November 15, 1872 | 尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特 |
| Samuel Phillips | December 11, 1872 – May 1, 1885 | |
| John Goode | May 1, 1885 – August 5, 1886 | 格罗弗·克利夫兰 |
| George Jenks | July 30, 1886 – May 29, 1889 | |
| Orlow Chapman | May 29, 1889 – January 19, 1890 | 本杰明·哈里森 |
| 威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱 | February 4, 1890 – March 20, 1892 | |
| Charles Aldrich | March 21, 1892 – May 28, 1893 | |
| Lawrence Maxwell | April 6, 1893 – January 30, 1895 | 格罗弗·克利夫兰 |
| Holmes Conrad | February 6, 1895 – July 1, 1897 | |
| John Richards | July 6, 1897 – March 16, 1903 | 威廉·麦金莱 |
| Henry Hoyt | February 25, 1903 – March 31, 1909 | 西奥多·罗斯福 |
| Lloyd Bowers | April 1, 1909 – September 9, 1910 | 威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱 |
| Frederick Lehmann | December 12, 1910 – July 15, 1912 | |
| William Bullitt | July 16, 1912 – March 11, 1913 | |
| 约翰·威廉·戴维斯 | August 30, 1913 – November 26, 1918 | 伍德罗·威尔逊 |
| Alexander King | November 27, 1918 – May 23, 1920 | |
| William Frierson | June 1, 1920 – June 30, 1921 | |
| James Beck | June 1, 1921 – May 11, 1925 | 沃伦·盖玛利尔·哈定 |
| William Mitchell | June 4, 1925 – March 5, 1929 | 卡尔文·柯立芝 |
| Charles Hughes | May 27, 1929 – April 16, 1930 | 赫伯特·胡佛 |
| Thomas Thacher | March 22, 1930 – May 4, 1933 | |
| James Biggs | May 5, 1933 – March 24, 1935 | 富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福 |
| Stanley Reed | March 25, 1935 – January 30, 1938 | |
| 罗伯特·H·杰克逊 | March 5, 1938 – January 17, 1940 | |
| 弗朗西斯·贝弗利·比德尔 | January 22, 1940 – September 4, 1941 | |
| Charles Fahy | November 15, 1941 – September 27, 1945 | |
| Howard McGrath | October 4, 1945 – October 7, 1946 | 哈里·S·杜鲁门 |
| Philip Perlman | July 30, 1947 – August 15, 1952 | |
| Walter Cummings | December 2, 1952 – March 1, 1953 | |
| Simon Sobeloff | February 10, 1954 – July 19, 1956 | 德怀特·艾森豪威尔 |
| Lee Rankin | August 4, 1956 – January 23, 1961 | |
| Archibald Cox | January 24, 1961 – July 31, 1965 | 约翰·肯尼迪 |
| 瑟古德·马歇尔 | August 11, 1965 – August 30, 1967 | 林登·约翰逊 |
| Erwin Griswold | October 12, 1967 – June 25, 1973 | |
| Robert Bork | June 27, 1973 – January 20, 1977 | 理查德·尼克松 |
| 杰拉尔德·福特 | ||
| Daniel Friedman 署理 |
January 20, 1977 – March 4, 1977 | 吉米·卡特 |
| Wade McCree | March 4, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | |
| Rex Lee | August 6, 1981 – June 1, 1985 | 罗纳德·里根 |
| Charles Fried | October 23, 1985 – January 20, 1989 Acting: June 1, 1985 – October 23, 1985 | |
| William Bryson 署理 |
January 20, 1989 – May 27, 1989 | 乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什 |
| Ken Starr | May 27, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | |
| William Bryson 署理 |
January 20, 1993 – June 7, 1993 | 比尔·克林顿 |
| Drew Days | June 7, 1993 – June 28, 1996 | |
| Walter Dellinger 署理 |
June 28, 1996 – November 7, 1997 | |
| Seth Waxman | November 7, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | |
| Barbara Underwood 署理 |
January 20, 2001 – June 13, 2001 | 乔治·沃克·布什 |
| 西奥多·奥尔森 | June 13, 2001 – July 13, 2004 | |
| Paul Clement | June 13, 2005 – June 2, 2008 Acting: July 13, 2004 – June 13, 2005 | |
| Gregory Garre | October 2, 2008 – January 20, 2009 Acting: June 2, 2008 – October 2, 2008 | |
| Edwin Kneedler 署理 |
January 20, 2009 – March 20, 2009 | 贝拉克·奥巴马 |
| 艾蕾娜·卡根 | March 20, 2009 – May 17, 2010 | |
| Neal Katyal 署理 |
May 17, 2010 – June 9, 2011 | |
| Don Verrilli | June 9, 2011 – June 25, 2016 | |
| Ian Gershengorn 署理 |
June 25, 2016 – January 20, 2017 | |
| Noel Francisco 署理 |
January 20, 2017 – March 10, 2017 | 唐纳·川普 |
| Jeff Wall 署理 |
March 10, 2017 – September 19, 2017 | |
| Noel Francisco | September 19, 2017 – July 3, 2020 | |
| Jeff Wall 署理 |
July 3, 2020 – January 20, 2021 | |
| Elizabeth Prelogar 署理 |
January 20, 2021 – August 11, 2021 | 乔·拜登 |
| Brian Fletcher 署理 |
August 11, 2021 – October 28, 2021 | |
| Elizabeth Prelogar | October 28, 2021 – present |
- Note: Some terms overlap because the incumbent remained in office after a successor was named. The office has been vacant at times while awaiting the nomination or confirmation of a successor.
首席副讼务次长列表
- Paul M. Bator – 1982 to 1983
- Donald B. Ayer – June 1986 to December 1988
- John Roberts – October 1989–January 1993[5] (Became Chief Justice)
- Paul Bender – 1993–1996
- Seth Waxman – 1996–1997 (Became Solicitor General)
- Barbara Underwood – March 1997 to January 2001 (acting SG from January to June 2001)
- Paul D. Clement – 2001 to July 2004 (became acting SG)
- Gregory G. Garre – September 2005-June 19, 2008 (became acting SG)
- Neal Katyal – January 2009 to May 2010 (became acting SG)
- Leondra Kruger – acting principal deputy SG named in August 2010
- Sri Srinivasan – August 2011 to May 2013 (became Chief Judge of D.C. Circuit)
- Ian Gershengorn – September 2013 to June 2016 (became Acting SG)
- Noel Francisco – January 20, 2017 to March 10, 2017 (became SG)
- Jeff Wall – March 10, 2017 to January 20, 2021 (became Acting SG)[6][7]
- Elizabeth Prelogar – January 20, 2021 - October 28, 2021 (became SG)
参见
参考文献
- ^ 美國「法庭之友」制度簡介. 民间司改会数位典藏. 2012-12-30 [2022-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-25） （中文（台湾））.
- ^ 林超骏. 行政權之釋憲機制:美國聯邦訴訟(次)長(Solicitor General)制度與運作簡介 (180). 2010-05-01 [2022-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-25）.
- ^ 商务部中国国际电子商务中心. 美国法典第101条——American Axle案与《专利资格恢复法案》. 商务部中国保护知识产权网. [2023-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-14）.
- ^ Bhatia, Kedar S. Updated Advocate Scorecard (OT00-10). Daily Writ. April 17, 2011 [2022-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-31）.
- ^ Archived copy (PDF). leahy.senate.gov. [12 January 2022]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于30 January 2006）.
- ^ Chris Geidner on Twitter: "Big news in here: Jeff Wall (Trump-era hire, came from Sullivan & Cromwell, is returning to DOJ) is now the US acting solicitor general.". Twitter. March 13, 2017 [July 7, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-18）.
- ^ DOJ's Jeffrey Wall Will Be Acting US Solicitor, as Noel Francisco Heads Out. Law.com. June 17, 2020 [July 7, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-17）.