相互理解性

相互理解性 指語言學上的互通程度(亦稱互懂程度),為某種語言的使用者在從未接觸另一種語言(包括聽或學習)的情況下,能通過聽力或(及)閱讀理解另一種語言的程度。這一數據常被用作區分語言與方言的重要根據。另外,社會語言學亦會用作區分的根據。

語言互通有時是不對等的,即語言A與語言B的使用者在交談時,語言A可能更易被語言B的使用者理解,反之則不成立。互通常發生在地理上毗鄰的語言或方言之間,特別是方言連續體中。

例子

書面與聽力

僅聽力

僅書面

古語

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Gooskens, Charlotte. The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (University of Groningen). 2007, 28 (6) [2010-05-19]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-04-11). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Denis Sinor, The Uralic and Altaic Series, p.90
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Alexander M. Schenker. 1993. "Proto-Slavonic," The Slavonic Languages. (Routledge). Pp. 60-121. Pg. 60: "[The] distinction between dialect and language being blurred, there can be no unanimity on this issue in all instances..."
    C.F. Voegelin and F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and Index of the World's Languages (Elsevier). Pg. 311, "In terms of immediate mutual intelligibility, the East Slavic zone is a single language."
    Bernard Comrie. 1981. The Languages of the Soviet Union (Cambridge). Pg. 145-146: "The three East Slavonic languages are very close to one another, with very high rates of mutual intelligibility...The separation of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian as distinct languages is relatively recent...Many Ukrainians in fact speak a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian, finding it difficult to keep the two languages apart...
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Greenberg, Robert David. Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. 2004: 14. ISBN 9780199258154. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Language profile Macedonian頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), UCLA International Institute
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Trudgill, Peter. Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe (PDF). Duszak, Anna; Okulska, Urszula (編). Speaking from the Margin: Global English from a European Perspective. Polish Studies in English Language and Literature 11. Peter Lang. 2004 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 0820473286. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-06-11). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bø, I. Ungdom od nabolad. En undersøkelse av skolens og fjernsynets betydning for nabrospråksforstålen.. Rogalandsforskning. 1976, 4. 
  8. ^ Katzner, Kenneth. The languages of the world 3rd ed. London: Routledge. 2002. ISBN 0203430166. OCLC 51322181. 
  9. ^ Taagepera, Rein. The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state. Routledge. 1999: 100. ISBN 0-415-91977-0. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Beerkens, Roos. Receptive Multilingualism as a Language Mode in the Dutch-German Border Area. Waxmann Publishing Co. 2010: 51 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9783830923466. (原始內容存檔於2014-09-29). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Woolf, Alex. From Pictland to Alba 789-1000. Edinburgh University Press. 2007: 331. ISBN 9780748612338. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Beswick, Jaine. Linguistic homogeneity in Galician and Portuguese borderland communities. Estudios de Sociolingüística. 2005, 6 (1): 39–64. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Swan, Michael. Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems. Cambridge University Press. 2001: 279. ISBN 9780521779395. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Kirundi Language. [2010-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-28). 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 GAVILANES LASO, J. L. (1996) Algunas consideraciones sobre la inteligibilidad mutua hispano-portuguesa In: Actas del Congreso Internacional Luso-Español de Lengua y Cultura en la Frontera, Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 175-187.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Comparação Português e Castelhano. [2010-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2019-01-05). 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Algumas observações sobre a noção de língua portuguesa (PDF). [2010-11-24]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-07-16). 
  18. ^ Wright, Sue. Monolingualism and bilingualism: Lessons from Canada and Spain. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 1996: 80. ISBN 1853593540. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Tokelauan language. [2010-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2012-11-08). 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Българският език през ХХ век (The Bulgarian language in the 20th century). [2010-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-30). 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Dari/Persian/Tajik languages (PDF). [2010-11-24]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-10-25). 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Avrum Ehrlich, Mark. Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: origins, experience and culture, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. 2009: 192. ISBN 9781851098736. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Gumperz, John J. Language Problems in the Rural Development of North India. The Journal of Asian Studies. February 1957, 16 (2): 251–259. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Ausbau and Abstand languages. [2010-11-24]. (原始內容存檔於2012-10-17). 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Hahn, Reinard F. Uyghur. Lars Johanson, Éva Csató (編). The Turkic Languages. Taylor & Francis. 1998: 379 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9780415082006. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-01). 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 Barbour, Stephen. Language and nationalism in Europe. Oxford University Press. 2000: 106 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 9780199250851. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-30). 
  27. ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell. 2004: 315 [2010-11-24]. ISBN 1405103167. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-24). 

延伸閱讀

參閲

外部連結