維基百科

多巴胺受體D2

位於11號人類染色體的基因
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多巴胺受體D2（Dopamine receptor D2，簡稱D2R），為轉譯自 DRD2 基因的一種多巴胺受體蛋白。D2R最早於1975年為Philip Seeman（英語：Philip Seeman）所發現，並將其命名為「抗精神疾患性多巴胺受體」（antipsychotic dopamine receptor）[8]。D2R為所有抗精神病藥物的作用標的。

多巴胺受體D2
已知的結構
PDB直系同源搜尋: PDBe RCSB
識別號
別名DRD2；, D2DR, D2R, dopamine receptor D2
外部IDOMIM：126450 MGI：94924 HomoloGene：22561 GeneCards：DRD2
相關疾病
重性抑鬱障礙[1]
為以下藥物的標靶
remoxipride[2]
benzquinamide、​LP-12、​LP-211、​LP-44、​羅匹尼羅、​羅替戈汀、​維拉佐酮、​7-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino)tetralin、​溴隱亭、​多巴胺、​培高利特、​普拉克索、​quinelorane、​quinpirole、​蘇馬尼羅、​阿樸嗎啡、​阿立哌唑、​brexpiprazole、​過乳降、​麥角乙脲、​吡貝地爾、​roxindole、​特麥角脲、​氨磺必利、​布南色林、​布他拉莫、​氯丙嗪、​氯氮平、​多潘立酮、​eticlopride、​三氟噻噸、​氟奮乃靜、​氟哌啶醇、​L-741,626、​洛沙平、​mesoridazine、​那法道曲、​奧氮平、​perospirone、​奮乃靜、​匹莫齊特、​pipotiazine、​普樂明、​丙嗪、​喹硫平、​raclopride、​利培酮、​sertindole、​舒必利、​levosulpiride、​三氟拉嗪、​齊拉西酮、​zotepine[3]
基因位置（人類）
11號染色體
染色體11號染色體[4]
11號染色體
多巴胺受體D2的基因位置
多巴胺受體D2的基因位置
基因座11q23.2起始113,409,605 bp[4]
終止113,475,691 bp[4]
RNA表現模式




查閱更多表現資料
直系同源
物種人類小鼠
Entrez

1813

13489

Ensembl

ENSG00000149295

ENSMUSG00000032259

UniProt

P14416

P61168

mRNA​序列

NM_016574
​NM_000795

NM_010077

蛋白序列

NP_000786
​NP_057658
NP_000786.1

NP_034207

基因位置​（UCSC）Chr 11: 113.41 – 113.48 MbChr 9: 49.25 – 49.32 Mb
PubMed​查找[6][7]
維基資料
檢視/編輯人類檢視/編輯小鼠

功能

D2R屬於一種多巴胺受體，並會與Gi結合。Gi為G蛋白偶聯受體的一種亞型，會抑制腺苷酸環化酶的活性[9]。

在小鼠模式中，齒狀回的neuronal calcium sensor-1（英語：neuronal calcium sensor-1）（NCS-1）會影響D2R在細胞膜的表現量。這項機制會影響突觸可塑性及記憶形成[10]。

在蒼蠅模式中，多巴胺性神經元上的D2R自體受器（英語：autoreceptor）能避免神經元死亡，進而引發類帕金森氏症的症狀[11]。

同型體

此基因的選擇性剪接產生三種不同編碼亞型的轉錄變體。[12]

長形式（D2Lh）具有"規範"的序列，並作為經典突觸後蛋白發揮作用。[13]短形式（D2Sh）在突觸前作為調節突觸間隙中多巴胺水平的自身受體發揮作用。[13]D2Sh受體激動時抑制多巴胺釋放，拮抗時增加多巴胺釋放。[13]第三種D2（更長）的形式不同於270V被VVQ取代的規範序列。[14]

基因組

等位基因變異：

Some researchers have previously associated the polymorphism Taq 1A (rs1800497) to the DRD2 gene. However, the polymorphism resides in exon 8 of the ANKK1（英語：ANKK1） gene.[18]DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism has been reported to be associated with an increased risk for developing motor fluctuations but not hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.[19][20]

配體

大多數較老的抗精神病藥如氯丙嗪或氟哌啶醇是多巴胺D2受體的非選擇性拮抗劑，最多僅對"D2樣家族"受體具有選擇性，因此與D2、D3、D4以及許多其他受體都可以結合，例如血清素和組織胺受體，導致一系列副作用使得它們不適合科學研究。類似，用於治療巴金森氏症的較舊的多巴胺促效劑例如溴隱亭和卡麥角林，對一種多巴胺受體的選擇性較差，儘管這些藥物中大多數確實能起到D2促效劑的作用，但它們也會影響其他多巴胺受體，亞型也是。現今有幾種選擇性D2配體 (生物化學)可以使用，並且隨著進一步的研究，這個數字可能會增加。

受體致活劑

部分受體致活劑

受體拮抗劑

D2sh selective (presynaptic autoreceptors)

異位調控因子

Functionally selective ligands

  • 參見參考文獻[31]。

Protein–protein interactions

多巴胺受體 D2 已被證明與EPB41L1（英語：EPB41L1）、[32]PPP1R9B（英語：PPP1R9B）[33] 和 NCS-1（英語：NCS-1） 相互作用。[34]

Receptor oligomers

The D2 receptor forms receptor heterodimers（英語：GPCR oligomer） in vivo (in living animals) with other G protein-coupled receptors; these include:[35]

The D2 receptor has been shown to form hetorodimers in vitro (and possibly in vivo) with DRD3（英語：Dopamine D3 receptor）,[38]DRD5（英語：Dopamine receptor D5）,[39]and 5-HT2A（英語：5-HT2A receptor）.[40]

註釋

  1. ^ D2sh–TAAR1 is a presynaptic heterodimer which involves the relocation of TAAR1 from the intracellular space to D2sh at the plasma membrane, increased D2sh agonist binding affinity, and signal transduction through the calcium–PKC–NFAT pathway and G-protein independent PKB–GSK3（英語：GSK3） pathway.[36][37]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 與多巴胺受體D2相關的疾病；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考. 
  2. ^ 對Dopamine receptor D2, isoform CRA_c起作用的藥物；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考. 
  3. ^ 對Dopamine receptor D2起作用的藥物；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000149295 - Ensembl, May 2017
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032259 - Ensembl, May 2017
  6. ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  7. ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  8. ^ Madras BK. History of the discovery of the antipsychotic dopamine D2 receptor: a basis for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 2013, 22 (1): 62–78. PMID 23323533. doi:10.1080/0964704X.2012.678199. 
  9. ^ Usiello A, Baik JH, Rougé-Pont F, Picetti R, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Piazza PV, Borrelli E. Distinct functions of the two isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors. Nature. Nov 2000, 408 (6809): 199–203. PMID 11089973. doi:10.1038/35041572. 
  10. ^ Saab BJ, Georgiou J, Nath A, Lee FJ, Wang M, Michalon A, Liu F, Mansuy IM, Roder JC. NCS-1 in the dentate gyrus promotes exploration, synaptic plasticity, and rapid acquisition of spatial memory. Neuron. Sep 2009, 63 (5): 643–56. PMID 19755107. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.014. 
  11. ^ Wiemerslage L, Schultz BJ, Ganguly A, Lee D. Selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by MPP(+) and its rescue by D2 autoreceptors in Drosophila primary culture. Journal of Neurochemistry. Aug 2013, 126 (4): 529–40. PMID 23452092. doi:10.1111/jnc.12228. 
  12. ^ Entrez Gene: DRD2 dopamine receptor D2. （原始內容存檔於2010-03-07）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR. The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacological Reviews. Mar 2011, 63 (1): 182–217. PMID 21303898. doi:10.1124/pr.110.002642. 
  14. ^ UniProt P14416
  15. ^ Duan J, Wainwright MS, Comeron JM, Saitou N, Sanders AR, Gelernter J, Gejman PV. Synonymous mutations in the human dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) affect mRNA stability and synthesis of the receptor. Human Molecular Genetics. Feb 2003, 12 (3): 205–16. PMID 12554675. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg055. 
  16. ^ Arinami T, Gao M, Hamaguchi H, Toru M. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with schizophrenia. Human Molecular Genetics. Apr 1997, 6 (4): 577–82. PMID 9097961. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.4.577. 
  17. ^ Glatt SJ, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT. DRD2 -141C insertion/deletion polymorphism is not associated with schizophrenia: results of a meta-analysis. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics. Jul 2004, 128B (1): 21–3. PMID 15211624. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30007. 
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  19. ^ Wang J, Liu ZL, Chen B. Association study of dopamine D2, D3 receptor gene polymorphisms with motor fluctuations in PD. Neurology. Jun 2001, 56 (12): 1757–9. PMID 11425949. doi:10.1212/WNL.56.12.1757. 
  20. ^ Wang J, Zhao C, Chen B, Liu ZL. Polymorphisms of dopamine receptor and transporter genes and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience Letters. Jan 2004, 355 (3): 193–6. PMID 14732464. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.006. 
  21. ^ Clinical Pharmacology for Abilify. RxList.com. 2010-01-21 [2010-01-21]. （原始內容存檔於2010-01-18）. 
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  23. ^ Giacomelli S, Palmery M, Romanelli L, Cheng CY, Silvestrini B. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a partial agonist of D2 dopaminergic receptors and it potentiates dopamine-mediated prolactin secretion in lactotrophs in vitro. Life Sciences. 1998, 63 (3): 215–22. PMID 9698051. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(98)00262-8. 
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  36. ^ Grandy DK, Miller GM, Li JX. "TAARgeting Addiction"-The Alamo Bears Witness to Another Revolution: An Overview of the Plenary Symposium of the 2015 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry Conference. Drug Alcohol Depend. February 2016, 159: 9–16. PMID 26644139. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.014. This original observation of TAAR1 and DA D2R interaction has subsequently been confirmed and expanded upon with observations that both receptors can heterodimerize with each other under certain conditions ... Additional DA D2R/TAAR1 interactions with functional consequences are revealed by the results of experiments demonstrating that in addition to the cAMP/PKA pathway (Panas et al., 2012) stimulation of TAAR1-mediated signaling is linked to activation of the Ca++/PKC/NFAT pathway (Panas et al.,2012) and the DA D2R-coupled, G protein-independent AKT/GSK3 signaling pathway (Espinoza et al., 2015; Harmeier et al., 2015), such that concurrent TAAR1 and DA DR2R activation could result in diminished signaling in one pathway (e.g. cAMP/PKA) but retention of signaling through another (e.g., Ca++/PKC/NFA) 
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外部連結


多巴胺受體D2引用了美國國家醫學圖書館提供的資料，這些資料屬於公共領域。

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