各地LGBT权利

概述
全球同性伴侣关系的法律现状
同性性行为合法同性性行为非法
  
同性婚姻法制化
  
违法但未执行或极少执行
  
非婚姻形式的伴侣登记、民事结合
  
有期徒刑
  
承认事实上的同居关系
  
无期徒刑
  
承认外国同婚伴侣但不承认本国
  
死刑但未施行或极少施行
  
有限承认(外国居留权)
  
法外处决
  
无任何保障
  
死刑
  
言论及结社自由受法律限制

各地同性恋、双性恋与跨性别者的权利LGBT)的法律处境,光谱广泛且差异极大。部分国家承认同性婚姻或其他形式的同性结合,视LGBT为人类群体多样性的一部分;亦有国家视同性性行为变装为非法行为,施加监禁甚至死刑等刑罚。

范畴

LGBT权利的人权论述在1990年代左右展开,由国际LGBTI联合会国际立即行动国际特赦组织以及人权观察非政府组织提倡,并逐渐为欧洲加拿大美国的司法实体和联合国吸纳运用[1][2]

LGBT权利的立法范畴包括但不限于:

历史

2011年,联合国通过首份承认LGBT权利的决议案,随后并提出侵犯LGBT权利的报告,具体调查世界各国境内仇恨罪、同性性行为之刑事定罪以及相关歧视等行为。[3][4]

截至2024年8月,有38个国家[a]承认同性婚姻并赋予其LGBT公民上述列表的全部或大多数权利,其中大多数国家位于美洲西欧[5]

63个国家[b]和3个地方政府属地[c]仍有对同性性行为定罪的法律(这当中有些国家遗留殖民时期的条款未实际执行,但也有实际执行和起诉的国家,各国情况不一;也有法律无明显对同性性行为定罪,但在事实上以游荡、卖淫、猥亵等名义逮捕的情况),其中大部分国家位于亚洲非洲[6][7][8][9]匈牙利格鲁吉亚吉尔吉斯斯坦立陶宛俄罗斯波兰伊拉克中国等国制定了限制LGBT权利表达自由的法案[10]

法律来源

根据学者们的推测,最早有关于亚伯拉罕诸教法律中可能反对同性性行为的纪录,是出于公元前550年时巴比伦囚虏中的犹太人,在他们的经典利未记中纪载[d],规定男男之间的同性性交处以死刑。而在同一个时代,在许多的其他宗教信仰中同性关系是被包容的。

一些人们因此相信亚伯拉罕诸教信仰是法律处罚同性性行为的源头,不过类似的情形也在印欧语系民族的文化中可以发现,比如古罗马律法Lex Scantinia以及原始日耳曼民族的神话nith,或者是公元前1075年的亚述法律纪录。[11].

透过传统犹太教基督教伊斯兰教的阐释,惩罚同性性行为的法律持续地在历史上延续。随着殖民主义的到来,那些亚伯拉罕诸教信仰的国家,将这种价值观伴随着帝国主义的政治控制扩张到世界各地。

中国传统理念中对于同性恋情并没有明确地指责,甚至在部分地区存在有“契兄弟”相称的同性情侣[12],《红楼梦》等名著中也多有描写。近代以来,由于殖民统治时期传入的亚伯拉罕宗教思想及民间传统观念对于生育的认知,同性恋成为了一种“罪恶”与不洁的道德。中华人民共和国建立后,曾一度将同性性行为列入流氓罪进行处罚,直到1997年才除罪化。[13] 通常法律反对同性性行为和主要支持者时,亚伯拉罕诸教信仰是主要因素。但是事实上中国的流氓罪定义笼统,且法律本身并不针对同性恋群体。又由于文化大革命时期执法的随意性,这给予了世俗中的反对婚前性行为者惩罚违背传统生育理念以及同性性行为者的借口,而且实际案例也相对较少。法律界对此是否能将1997年将流氓罪具体化视为对同性性行为的非罪化与去污名化,以及是否存在同性性行为法定有罪的情况目前有争议。[14]

全球概况

这是一份有关世界各地对于同性恋关系的法律列表,各洲及各国以英文字母顺序排列。必须注意地是,不应该将这份列表做为横量各国各地区对待同性恋的标准来看待。一些国家虽然保留了消极反对的法律,但政府本身并没有强力执行这些法律去压迫同性恋。相反地,有的国家虽然没有法律明定同性恋有罪,但在主流文化上对同性恋存在敌意,并对同性恋个体进行压迫。将同性恋视为违法的国家中,不是将所有同性性交都视为非法犯罪,就是单独定义男男性交犯罪,没有国家单独地定义女女性交违法犯罪。现行依然有超过70国家将同性之间的性行为视非法,一些将异性间的非生殖性行为也包含进去。而未达法定承诺年龄的同性性行为,除非法律上有特别注记不然和其他异性恋情况是一样。 截至2024年,联合国195个会员国及观察员国里,有106个从未对同性性行为定罪或者实现了对同性性行为的除罪化。

联合国会员国同性性行为除罪化时间表
会员国
从未非法
18世纪
19世纪
20世纪
21世纪
世界各地同性性行为除罪化状况
  1790–1799
  1800–1829
  1830–1839
  1840–1859
  1860–1869
  1870–1879
  1880–1889
  1890–1929
  1930–1939
  1940–1949
  1950–1959
  1960–1969
  1970–1979
  1980–1989
  1990–1999
  2000–2009
  2010-至今
  同性性行为合法
  男男性行为违法
  同性性行为违法
男男性接触人群献血政策
  男男性接触人群可以献血;无延期
  男男性接触人群可以献血;暂时延期
  男男性接触人群不可以献血;永久延期
  无数据

各洲概况

非洲

亚洲

欧洲

美洲

大洋洲

南极洲

由于南极洲没有常住人口,到访南极洲的人均为短期科学考察冒险旅游南极条约体系规定,在南极的所有人身权利受到当事人国籍所在司法管辖区的管辖。

参见

注解

  1. ^
  2. ^
  3. ^ 亚齐省印尼)、加沙地带巴勒斯坦)、纽埃
  4. ^ 虽然一些保守的学者认为年代要更早于利未记
  5. ^ 当时德国分为东德和西德,东德于稍早的1968年除罪化
  6. ^ 只按联合王国四个构成国计算,不包括共和联邦和英国海外领土,其中英格兰和威尔士于1967年合法,苏格兰于1981年,1982年北爱尔兰合法后全国均合法

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  129. ^ Island Chain Votes To Ban Discrimination Against Gays
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  134. ^ (芬兰文) Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat myös transsukupuolisille
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  209. ^ (德文) Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft
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  228. ^ Switzerland: a law will open some adoption rights to homosexuals, dot429.com, Retrieved 29 March 2014
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  233. ^ Comment: With all eyes on anti-gay Russia, there are three countries with a shocking need for coverage. pinknews.co.uk. 
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  243. ^ В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок. Новости Приднестровья:: ИА «Тирас». 
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  248. ^ (加泰罗尼亚文) Llei 4/2005, del 21 de febrer, qualificada de les unions estables de parella
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  259. ^ (克罗地亚文)Pravilnik o načinu prikupljanja medicinske dokumentacije te utvrđivanja uvjeta i pretpostavki za promjenu spola i drugom rodnom identitetu.. Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 2014-11-15 [2014-11-15]. 
  260. ^ 260.0 260.1 Northern Cyprus Decriminalizes Homosexuality and Protects LGBTs Against Hate Speech. kaosgl.com. 
  261. ^ 261.0 261.1 (土耳其文) Kuzey Kıbrıs’ın “Eşcinsellik Suçu” Yasası Tarihe Karıştı!
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  266. ^ CIVIL PARTNERSHIP ACT 2014
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  276. ^ Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6. OSCE Mission in Kosovo. 
  277. ^ Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination. 
  278. ^ 278.0 278.1 AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
  279. ^ MARRIAGE ACT
  280. ^ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
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  284. ^ (葡萄牙文) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
  285. ^ (葡萄牙文) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
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  288. ^ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/
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  298. ^ (西班牙文) DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento
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  308. ^ THE COMMON-LAW PARTNERS' PROPERTY AND RELATED AMENDMENTS ACT
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