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運動，為動作隨時間改變的過程。本列表列出的是有關運動的解剖學術語，包含器官、關節、四肢，和身體其他特殊構造的動作。在解剖學中，這些術語用於描述相對於標準解剖姿勢的動作。解剖學家通常使用較為統一的術語來描述大部分的動作，例如手臂和腿都能進行「屈曲」與「伸展」的動作。但仍有其他特殊名詞來描述較為特殊的動作，例如手、足，及眼睛的動作。


一般來說，運動的分類是藉由相對於解剖平面（英語：anatomical plane）的動作來描述。有關角運動的名詞包含「屈曲」與「伸展」，用以描述兩關節軸間角度的相對變化。旋轉運動則出現於一些特定關節，例如肩關節。這類動作則常以「內」和「外」來形容。其他術語還包含相對於水平面的「升」和「降」等等。在西方醫學名詞中，大多數的術語都源自於拉丁文。


分類

運動可按照其相對於解剖平面（英語：anatomical plane）的位置改變進行分類[1]，雖然實際上的運動時常同時涉及數個平面的相對運動[2]。以下列出的是以關節的特性進行分類：

  • 滑移（Gliding）是描述兩平面關節間相互錯動的動作，例如椎間盤，或是掌骨及腕骨之間的動作[1]。
  • 角運動（Angular motions）發生於滑液關節，描述關節兩側軸間的角度變化[1]。
  • 旋轉運動（Rotational motions）是描述一個相對於一個軸進行自轉的動作，例如轉頭[3]。

除了關節特性之外，運動還能以其他特性進行分類：

  • 線運動（Linear motions） ，或稱平移（translatory motions）是描述兩點之間的相對運動。其中又可按其運動路徑分為直線運動（rectilinear motion）和曲線運動（curvilinear motion）[2]。
  • 角運動（Angular motions） ，或稱旋轉，是當兩相鄰構造間產生角度變化的動作，意即兩構造間在同一運動中產生不同的位移，例如膝關節的運動[2]。

有關動作的學問和研究稱為肌動學（英語：kinesiology）[4]。

非正常運動

關節有一定的可以活動的範圍及承受極限，稱為關節可動域（英語：range of motion）[5]。若運動超越關節可動域，則會在運動名詞前加上「過度」兩字，英文則會加上字首「hyper-」，例如過度伸展（hyperextention）。過度伸展的意思是韌帶的使用超過其適當的運動範圍，可能來自於運動傷害或是意外，也有可能是醫療上手術的必須程序，讓關節暫時脫臼[6]。

一般運動

 

本章節列出的是身體的一般運動，可描述大部分的動作。由於運動通常是雙向的，因此下列名詞皆成對出現[7]。

屈曲與伸展

參見：人體伸肌列表和人體屈肌列表


屈曲（Flexion）與伸展（Extention）是描述身體兩毗鄰部位產生角度變化的用語，英文皆來自於拉丁語。[a]

屈曲，是描述兩毗鄰肢體角度減少的動作[9]。舉例來說，握拳會導致腕關節的屈曲，蹲下則會造成膝關節屈曲。如果一個關節可以進行前後運動，如頸部和軀幹，屈曲指的是向前方的動作[10]，如肩關節及髖關節的屈曲，指的分別就是上臂及大腿向前的運動[11]。

伸展（英語：List of extensors of the human body）則正與屈曲相反，描述的是兩毗鄰部位角度減少的運動[12]。若描述可以進行前後運動的關節，則表示向後方運動的動作[10]。例如起立時，膝關節進行的即是伸展的動作；肩關節及髖關節的伸展，指的分別是上臂及大腿向後的運動[11]。頸部的伸展即為仰頭的動作，軀幹的伸展即是後仰的動作[10]。

內收及外展

參見：人體內收肌列表和人體外展肌列表

Abduction and adduction refer to motions that move a structure away from or towards the centre of the body.[13] The centre of the body is defined as the midsagittal plane.[3] These terms come from the Latin words with the same meaning.[b]

Abduction refers to a motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body. In the case of fingers and toes, it refers to spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot. Abduction of the wrist is also called radial deviation.[13] For example, raising the arms up, such as when tightrope-walking, is an example of abduction at the shoulder.[11] When the legs are splayed at the hip, such as when doing a star jump or doing a split, the legs are abducted at the hip.[3]

Adduction refers to a motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb. In the case of fingers and toes, it refers to bringing the digits together, towards the centerline of the hand or foot. Adduction of the wrist is also called ulnar deviation. For example, dropping the arms to the sides, or bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction.[13]

Elevation and depression

參見：List of elevators of the human body和List of depressors of the human body

The terms elevation and depression refer to movement above and below the horizontal. They derive from the Latin terms with the same meaning[c]

Elevation refers to movement in a superior direction.[16] For example, shrugging is an example of elevation of the scapula. [17]

Depression refers to movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation.[18]

Rotation

參見：List of internal rotators of the human body和List of external rotators of the human body

Rotation of body parts is referred to as internal or external, referring to rotation towards or away from the center of the body.[19]

Internal rotation (or medial rotation) refers to rotation towards the axis of the body.[19]

External rotation (or lateral rotation) refers to rotation away from the center of the body.[19]

  •  
    The lotus posture of yoga, demonstrating external rotation of the leg at the hip.
  •  
    Rotating the arm away from the body is external rotation.
  •  
    Rotating the arm closer to the body is internal rotation.

其他

  • Anterograde and Retrograde flow, refers to movement of blood or other fluids in a normal (anterograde) or abnormal (retrograde) direction.[20]
  • Circumduction refers to a conical movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Circumduction can be best performed at ball and socket joints, such as the hip and shoulder, but may also be performed by other parts of the body such as fingers, hands, feet, and head.[21] For example, circumduction occurs when spinning the arm when performing a serve in tennis or bowling a cricket ball. [22]
  • Reduction refers to a motion returning a bone to its original state,[23] such as a shoulder reduction following shoulder dislocation, or reduction of a hernia.
  •  
    The swinging action made during a tennis serve is an example of circumduction

Special motion

Special motions of the hands and feet

Flexion and extension of the foot

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion refers to extension or flexion of the foot at the ankle. These terms refer to flexion between the foot and the body's dorsal surface, considered the front of the leg, and flexion between the foot and the body's plantar surface, considered the back of the leg.[24] These terms are used to resolve confusion, as technically extension of the joint refers to dorsiflexion, which could be considered counter-intuitive as the motion reduces the angle between the foot and the leg. [25]

Dorsiflexion where the toes are brought closer to the shin. This decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg.[26] For example, when walking on the heels the ankle is described as dorsiflexion.[25]

Plantar flexion is the movement which decreases the angle between the sole of the foot and the back of the leg. For example, the movement when depressing a car pedal or standing on the tiptoes can be described as plantar flexion.[25]

  •  
    A ballerina, demonstrating plantar flexion of the feet.
  •  
    Dorsi and plantar flexion of the foot.

Flexion and extension of the hand

Palmarflexion and dorsiflexion refer to movement of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the hand at the wrist.[27] These terms refer to flexion between the hand and the body's dorsal surface, which is the back of the arm, and flexion between the hand and the body's plantar surface, which in anatomical position is considered the anterior side of the arm.[28] The direction of terms are opposite to those in the foot because of embryological rotation of the limbs in opposite directions.[10]

Palmarflexion refers to decreasing the angle between the palm and the anterior forearm.[27]

Dorsiflexion refers to extension at the wrist joint. This brings the hand closer to the dorsum of the body.[27]

Pronation and supination

參見：Pronation of the foot

Pronation and supination refer to rotation of the forearm or foot so that in the anatomical position the palm or sole is facing anteriorly (supination) or posteriorly (pronation).[29]

Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned inwards. Pronation of the foot refers to turning of the foot outwards, so that weight is borne on the medial part of the foot.[30]

Supination of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Supination of the foot refers to turning of the sole of the foot inwards.[31]

  •  
    Supination and pronation of the foot
  •  
    Supination and pronation of the arm

Inversion and eversion

Inversion and eversion refer to movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body.[32]

Eversion is the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.[33] Inversion is the movement of the sole towards the median plane. For example, inversion describes the motion when an ankle is twisted.[26]

  •  
    Example showing inversion and eversion of the foot
  •  
    Eversion of the right foot
  •  
    Inversion of the right foot

Special motions of the eyes

主條目：Eye movement § Terminology

Unique terminology is also used to describe the eye. For example:

  • A version is an eye movement involving both eyes moving synchronously and symmetrically in the same direction.[34]
  • Torsion refers to eye movement that affects the vertical axis of the eye,[35] such as the movement made when looking in to the nose.

Special motions of the jaw and teeth

  •  
    Examples showing protrusion and retrusion.
  •  
    Elevation and depression of the jaw.

其他

其他術語包括：

  • 屈垂（nutation[d]）及反屈垂（counternutation）：描述的是薦骨的運動。若薦骨的薦骨岬向下且向前運動則稱為屈垂，若相反則稱為反屈垂[39]。
  • 對掌（Opposition）是指拇指和其他同支手上的其他指頭相互捏起的動作[40]。
  • 前引（Protraction）和 回縮（Retraction）分別指的是進行向前或向後的動作[41]，例如上臂向前伸，對於肩關節來說即為前引，反之則稱為回縮。此類名詞雖然被批評描述上不夠精確，但仍有人使用[42]。
  • Reciprocal motion refers to alternating motions in opposing directions. [43]
  • Reposition refers to restoring an object to its natural condition.[44]
  •  
    屈垂（左），反屈垂（右）
  •  
    對掌
  •  
    對掌，拇指和食指相接。

註釋

  1. ^ 屈曲的英文「Flexion」來自拉丁文「拉丁語：extendere」，而伸展的英文「Extention」則來自拉丁文「拉丁語：flectere」。[8]
  2. ^ "to bring in" (拉丁語：adductere), "to lead away" 拉丁語：abducere[14]
  3. ^ "press down" (拉丁語：deprimere), "to raise" (拉丁語：elevare)[15]
  4. ^ 「點頭」(拉丁語：Nutare[38]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Marieb 2010，第212頁.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lippert 2011，第6-7頁.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kendall 2005，第57頁.
  4. ^ Lippert 2011，第1-7頁.
  5. ^ Kendall 2005，第G-4頁.
  6. ^ Seeley 1998，第229頁.
  7. ^ Anatomy & Physiology. Openstax college at Connexions. [November 16, 2013]. 
  8. ^ OED 1989，"flexion", "extension".
  9. ^ OED 1989，"flexion".
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Kendall 2005，第56頁.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cook 2012，第180-193頁.
  12. ^ OED 1989，"extension".
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Swartz 2010，第590–591頁.
  14. ^ OED 1989，"adduction", "abduction", "abduct".
  15. ^ OED 1989.
  16. ^ OED 1989，"elevation".
  17. ^ Kendall 2005，第303頁.
  18. ^ OED 1989，"depression".
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Swartz 2010，第590-1頁.
  20. ^ OED 1989，"anterograde", "retrograde".
  21. ^ Saladin 2010，第300頁.
  22. ^ Kendall 2005，第304頁.
  23. ^ Taber 2001，"reduction".
  24. ^ OED 1989，"plantar flexion", "dorsiflexion".
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Kendall 2005，第371頁.
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 Kyung 2005，第123頁.
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Swartz 2010，第591-593頁.
  28. ^ OED 1989，"plantarflexion", "dorsiflexion".
  29. ^ Swartz 2010，第591–592頁.
  30. ^ OED 1989，"pronation".
  31. ^ OED 1989，"supination".
  32. ^ Swartz 2010，第591頁.
  33. ^ Kyung 2005，第108頁.
  34. ^ DMD 2012，"version".
  35. ^ Taber 2001，"torsion".
  36. ^ Taber 2001，"occlusion".
  37. ^ Taber 2001，"protrusion", "retrusion".
  38. ^ OED 1989，"nutation".
  39. ^ Houglum 2012，第333頁.
  40. ^ Taber 2001，"opposition".
  41. ^ OED 1989，"protraction", "retraction".
  42. ^ Kendall 2005，第302頁.
  43. ^ Taber 2001，"reciprocation".
  44. ^ OED 1989，"resposition".

來源

  • Albert, Daniel. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 32nd. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. ISBN 978-1416062578. 
  • Chung, Kyung Won. Gross Anatomy (Board Review). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. ISBN 0-7817-5309-0. 
  • Cook, Chad E. Orthopedic Manual Therapy: An Evidence Based Approach 2nd. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. 2012. ISBN 978-0-13-802173-3. 
  • Houglum, Peggy A.; Bertoli, Dolores B. Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology. F. A. Davis Company. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8036-2352-1. 
  • Kendall, Florence Peterson; [et al.]; et al. Muscles : testing and function with posture and pain 5th. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2005. ISBN 0-7817-4780-5. 
  • Lippert, Lynn S. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy 5th. F. A. Davis Company. 2011. ISBN 978-0-8036-2363-7. 
  • Marieb, Elaine N.; Wilhelm, Patricia B.; Mallat, Jon. Human Anatomy. Pearson. 2010. ISBN 978-0-321-61611-1. 
  • Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function 5th. McGraw Hill. 2010. 
  • Seeley, Rod R.; Stephens, Trent D.; Tate, Philip. Anatomy & Physiology 4th. WCB/McGraw-Hill. 1998. ISBN 0-697-41107-9. 
  • Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmung. The Oxford English Dictionary.. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1989. ISBN 9780198611868. 
  • Swartz, Mark H. Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination 6th. Saunders/Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4160-6203-5. 
  • Venes, Donald (Editor); Thomas, Clayton L. (Editor); Egan, Elizabeth J. (Managing Editor); Morelli, Nancee A. (Assistant Editor); Nell, Alison D. (Assistant Editor); Matkowski, Joy. Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary illustrated in full color 19th. Philadelphia: F.A.Davis Co. 2001. ISBN 0-8036-0655-9. 

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