洛洛·索托羅
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洛洛·索托羅·曼古哈喬(英語:Lolo Soetoro Mangunharjo,1935年1月2日—1987年3月2日),是一位印尼的地質學家、工程師、商人,為美國第44任總統巴拉克·歐巴馬的印尼藉父親。
洛洛·索托羅 Lolo Soetoro | |
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出生 | 洛洛·索托羅·曼古哈喬 (Lolo Soetoro Mangunharjo) 1935年1月2日 ![]() |
逝世 | 1987年3月2日![]() | (52歲)
國籍 | ![]() |
教育程度 | 夏威夷大學馬諾阿分校 加查馬達大學 |
職業 | 地質學家、工程師、商人 |
配偶 | 安·鄧納姆(1965年結婚;1980年離婚) 厄爾納·庫斯蒂娜(Erna Kustina,1980年結婚;1987年結束) |
兒女 | 巴拉克·歐巴馬(母:安·鄧納姆) 吳瑪雅(母:安·鄧納姆) 優素福·阿吉·索托羅(Yusuf Aji Soetoro,母:厄爾納·庫斯蒂娜) 拉哈尤·努爾邁達·索托羅(Rahayu Nurmaida Soetoro;母:厄爾納·庫斯蒂娜) |
父母 | 馬蒂哈喬·索托羅(Martodihardjo Soetoro,父) |
親屬 | Suhaila Ng(孫女) Savita Ng(孫女) |
生平
早年生活和學經歷
索托羅生於萬隆,他在家中排行第九,父親是採礦受僱員,並且擁有加查馬達大學的地理學學位。[1]
1962年,當時受僱於陸軍地形服務的索托羅獲得了美國東西方中心的助學金,並且利用該學金進入夏威夷大學馬諾阿分校的地理研究生就讀。[2]同年9月抵達美國夏威夷州檀香山,並於1964年獲得地理碩士學位。[3]
與鄧納姆的婚姻生活和其他經歷
索托羅在美國東西方中心相遇了安·鄧納姆,當時兩人都是夏威夷大學馬諾阿分校的研究生,因此兩人相識相戀,並於1965年結婚。[4][5]
1966年,索托羅返回印尼,並幫助當地政府繪製西巴布亞的地圖。而鄧納姆和兒子歐巴馬當時則選擇繼續留在檀香山。[6][7][8]
1967年,索托羅定居於印尼的首都雅加達,妻子鄧納姆和兒子歐巴馬也隨之遷至該地點居住了下來,最初是在南雅加達Menteng Dalam村的簡陋灰泥紅磚房裡住了兩年半,並且索特羅也擁有了一輛日本機車[6],歐巴馬當時也在當地的門騰國立小學01讀了一年半。[9][10]
1970年,索托羅找到了一個新的工作,在聯合石油公司擔任政府關係[11],之後便搬到了北兩英里的一棟租房,將原本經常拋錨的日本機車出售並買了一台新車。
1970年,索托羅的女兒瑪雅·卡桑德拉·蘇埃托羅出生,取名為瑪雅,同時也是歐巴馬的同母異父的妹妹。[12][13]
1971年,歐巴馬在印尼住了四年後,獨自一人回到美國夏威夷州。1972年,母親鄧納姆隨之帶著妹妹離開印尼返回夏威夷州,並於1974年獲得夏威夷大學馬諾阿分校研究生的人類學碩士,一年後帶著妹妹再次返回印尼,歐巴馬則繼續留在美國與祖父和祖母同居。
由於鄧納姆逐漸對印尼文化引起關注,而索托羅則相反對西方文化引起關注[4],而因這點不同的價值觀而發生衝突[14],最終於1980年離婚。[4]
索托羅後來與第二任妻子厄爾納·庫斯蒂娜(Erna Kustina)結婚,婚後育有一子一女。[15]
逝世
參考文獻
- ^ Habib, Ridlawn. Kalau ke Jogja, Barry bisa habiskan seekor ayam baceman [If traveling to Yogyakrta, Barry can eat one whole chicken]. 爪哇郵報 (Surabya). 2008-11-05 [2008-11-10]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-13) (印度尼西亞語). Google Translate's English translation (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Lolo studied geography at Gadjah Mada University and got a scholarship from the Indonesian Army Topographic Service. After working for the Indonesian Army Topographic Service, he worked for an American oil company, Unocal [Union Oil Company].
- ^ For the record: President Obama's East-West Center connections (PDF). East-West Center Press Kit. Honolulu: East-West Center. 2009-09-11 [2011-02-06]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-03-15).
Obama's stepfather, Lolo Soetoro, was an East–West Center graduate degree fellow (M.A. in geography) from 1962–64, before he married Obama's mother.
- ^ Wester, Lyndon. History of the Department. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Department of Geography. 2010-10-13 [2011-02-06]. (原始內容存檔於2017-06-07).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ripley, Amanda. The story of Barack Obama's mother. time.com. 2008-04-09 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於2008-04-12).
- ^ Solomon, Deborah. Questions for Maya Soetoro-Ng: All in the family. The New York Times Magazine. 2008-01-20: 17 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於2009-02-12).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Obama (1995, 2004), p. 43: He was working for the army as a geologist [sic], surveying roads and tunnels, when she arrived. It was mind-numbing work that didn't pay very much …
- ^ Scott, Janny. A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path. The New York Times. 2008-03-14: A1 [2011-04-20]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-12).
he was summoned home in 1966 …
- ^ Maraniss, David. Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible. washingtonpost.com. 2008-08-22 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-09-01).
Lolo was off working for Union Oil … He had been summoned back to his country from Hawaii in 1966 and sent to work in New Guinea for a year …
Kenyan student wins fellowship. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 1962-06-20: 7.
Griffin, John. First UH African graduate gives view on E-W Center. The Honolulu Advertiser. 1962-06-22: B?. - ^ Hoover, Will. Obama slept here. The Honolulu Advertiser. 2008-11-08: A1 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於2011-04-02).
Dingeman, Robbie. Obama childhood locales attracting more tourists. The Honolulu Advertiser. 2008-12-03: A1 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-12). - ^ Essoyan, Susan. A woman of the people; a symposium recalls the efforts of Stanley Ann Dunham to aid the poor. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 2008-09-13 [2011-04-20]. (原始內容存檔於2008-10-06).
Dunham earned her bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. in anthropology at the University of Hawaii.
Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey. Ann Dunham: a personal reflection. Anthropology News. November 2008, 49 (8): 20. doi:10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20. reprinted by:
Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey. Ann Dunham: a personal reflection. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Department of Anthropology. 2009-03-09 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於10 June 2010).
Dunham (2009), p. 376: "S. Ann Dunham (1942–95), mother of President Barack Obama and Maya Soetoro-ng, earned her undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees, all in anthropology, from the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa." - ^ Sheridan, Michael; Baxter, Sarah. Secrets of Obama family unlocked. The Sunday Times (London). 2007-01-28: 25 [2009-08-27].
Soetoro became a government relations consultant with a big US oil company.
reprinted Archive.is的存檔,存檔日期29 January 2013 on 2007-02-01 by The Muslim Observer - ^ 12.0 12.1 Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg. The Obama family tree (PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. 2007-09-09: 2B [2008-06-21]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-06-25).
- ^ Jones, Bart; Lefkowitz, Melanie; Henderson, Nia-Malika; Evans, Martin C. Timeline: Obama through the years. Newsday (Melville, N.Y.). 2008-11-08 [2008-11-09]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-20).
- ^ Obama (1998, 2004), pp. 44–47.
Maraniss (2012), pp. 242–243. - ^ Habib, Ridlwan. Keluarga besar Lolo Soetoro, kerabat dekat calon Presiden Amerika di Jakarta (Lolo Soetoro's extended family in Jakarta, close relatives to American Presidential nominee). 爪哇郵報 (Surabya). 2008-11-06 [2008-11-10]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-24) (印度尼西亞語).Google Translate's English translation (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ Fornek, Scott. Lolo Soetoro; 'A piece of tiger meat'. Chicago Sun-Times. 2007-09-09 [2008-06-17]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-16).