菲律宾语族
菲律宾语族,或称菲律宾语群,是佐克 (Zorc 1986) 和白乐思 (Blust 1991,2005) 提出的分群构想,统合了菲律宾、北苏拉威西(除萨马-巴召语群)和一些巴拉望语言所构成的一个南岛语系之下的次群。 [1][2][3] 虽然菲律宾与南岛民族扩展的中心──台湾,相距不远,但菲律宾南岛语多达150多种,语言多样性却不高,推测早期的多样性可能随著菲律宾语言共同祖语的传播而被抹平。[4]
菲律宾语族 | |
---|---|
(有争议) | |
地理分布 | 菲律宾 印尼北苏拉威西 马来西亚沙巴岛东部 台湾兰屿 |
谱系学分类 | 南岛语系
|
原始语言 | 原始菲律宾语(有争议) |
分支 | |
语言代码 | |
ISO 639-2 / 5 | phi |
– | |
Glottolog | 无 |
菲律宾语族语言分布,根据 Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005) |
分类系谱
研究历史和批评
首度明确以分类系谱提出“菲律宾”分群的是富兰克·布莱克(Frank Blake)1960年的研究,他将其置于马来-玻里尼西亚语族的“马来语支”之下,当时认为马玻语族是一个语系。然而,布莱克仅仅是菲律宾群岛地理范围内的所有语种集结为一个单一的语群。[5] 正式以理论提出具体的“原始菲律宾语”的,有马修·查尔斯 (Charles 1974)、特奥多罗·兰森 (Llamzon 1966, 1975) 及兰森与特雷西塔·马丁 (Llamzon & Martin 1975) 等的研究。[6][7][8][9] 白乐思于近二十年后 (Blust 1991) 以佐克 (Zorc 1986) 列入雅美语、桑吉尔语群、哥伦打洛语群等语言的分类为基础,进一步扩充。
而将菲律宾南岛语视为一系谱学分群的假设受劳伦斯·里德(Lawrence Reid)的反对。[10] 同样地,在马玻语族之下重建原始菲律宾语的看法也不被里德所接受 (Pawley, 1999; Ross 2005)。[11][12]在近期菲律宾语分类研究上,他针对自科南特(Conant)20世纪初期以来的方法论及理论缺陷上提供了跨学科的论点。包括马来-玻里尼西亚民族相关的考古学 (Spings, 2003; 2007; 2011)[13][14][15] 和贝叶氏谱系分析 (Gray et al., 2009)[16] 以证实这些语言在历史上跨群岛的扩散及分化。[17] 他认为原先归于“菲律宾语族”之下的语群应提升为马来-玻里尼西亚语族的第一分支。[18] 马尔康·罗斯(Ross, 2005) 早先也指出,由雅美语、伊巴雅特语和伊巴丹语构成的巴丹语群,应视为马玻语族的第一分支。 而在菲律宾南岛语的词汇创新统计上,亚历山大·史密斯 (Smith 2017) 认为菲律宾南岛语作为分群的证据力薄弱,并总结菲律宾南岛语“可能包含多个第一分支,或可能是由创性定义的语链(linkage)”[19] 一些支持此观点的论述见于玛丽安·克拉默近期的研究报告 (Klamer 2018),其反对将马来-玻里尼西亚语族在岛屿东南亚的历史发展视为单一整体的现象。无论是语言重建、考古发现、人类基因等证据都无法汇聚于单一定点,说明在微观层面上复杂的人口移动及接触过程。这说明目前已知或未知的各种语言已证明了传统树形结构过于简单、不足以反映菲律宾南岛语言错综复杂的区域历史。[20]
内部分类
菲律宾南岛语源自原始南岛语的后代语原始马来-玻里尼西亚语。其中有多个针对内部分群的提案,而最广为接受的是白乐思 (Blust, 1991; 2005) 和里德 (Reid 2017) 的看法。不过,两位学者均不认为菲律宾南岛语可构成一个单一的系谱分支。
Zorc (1979)
佐克 (Zorc 1979) 早期的分类方式如下。排序大约由南至北,“菲律宾语族”内部可先分为两大群:北语群,或称“科迪勒拉语群”,以及南语群,或称“苏禄语群”。[21] 要注意的是,一些分群的方式或名称与现今常见的已有所同,例如“南延伸语群”约是目前较为广泛接受的中部吕宋语群,而将北芒扬语群归入“科迪勒拉语群”无任何后续的重建可支持这样的分类;唯有包含雅美语、伊巴丹语及伊巴雅特语的巴士语群仍为普遍接受。[22]
- 北菲律宾/科迪勒拉语群
- 南菲律宾/苏禄语群
Blust (1991; 2005)
排序大约由北至南,“菲律宾语族”可分为12个次群:(包含未分类的语言)
词汇
一些菲律宾南岛语的词汇比较,下表所列的语言依其分布由北至南排列,原始南岛语置于首列,以兹比较。
词汇 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 人 | 房子 | 狗 | 椰子 | 日子 | 新 | 我们(包含式) | 什么 | 火 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
原始南岛语 | *əsa *isa |
*duSa | *təlu | *Səpat | *lima | *Cau | *Rumaq | *asu | *niuR | *qaləjaw | *baqəRu | *i-kita | *n-anu | *Sapuy | |
巴丹语群 | 达悟语 | ása | dóa (raroa) | tílo (tatlo) | apat (ápat) | lima | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | vayo | yaten | ango | apoy |
伊巴丹语 | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | lima | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango | apoy | |
北吕宋语群 | 伊洛卡诺语 | maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | lima | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | sitayo | ania | apoy |
伊巴纳格语 | tadday | dua | tallu | appa' | lima | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni | afi | |
加当语 | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | lima | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetam | sanenay | afuy | |
邦阿西楠语 | sakey | dua duara |
talo talora |
apat apatira |
lima | too | abong | aso | niyog | ageo | balo | sikatayo | anto | pool | |
中吕宋语群 | 邦板牙语 | métung isâ |
adwâ | atlû | ápat | lima | táu | balé | ásu | ngúngut | aldô | báyu | íkatamu | nánu | api |
中部菲律宾语群 | 他加禄语 | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | lima | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano | apoy |
中比科尔语 | saro | duwa | tulo | upat | lima | tawo | harong | ayam | niyog | adlaw | ba-go | kita | ano | kalayo | |
宁科纳达比科尔语 | əsad | darwā | tolō | əpat | lima | tawō | baləy | ayam | noyog | aldəw | bāgo | kitā | onō | kalayō | |
瓦瑞语 | usa sayo |
duha | tulo | upat | lima | tawo | balay | ayam ido |
lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
希利盖农语 | isa | duwa | tatlo | apat | lima | tawo | balay | ido | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
班顿语 | usa | ruha | tuyo | upat | lima | tawo | bayay | iro | nidog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ni-o | kayado | |
朗布隆语 | isa | duha | tuyo | upat | lima | tawo | bayay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
翁汉语 | isya | darwa | tatlo | ap-at | lima | tawo | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kalayo | |
基那来阿语 | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | lima | taho | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita tatən |
ano | kalayo | |
阿克兰语 | isaea sambilog |
daywa | tatlo | ap-at | lima | tawo | baeay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano | kaeayo | |
宿雾语 | usa | duha | tulo | upat | lima | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa | kalayo | |
陶苏格语 | isa hambuuk |
duwa | tu | upat | lima | tau | bay | iru' | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu | kayu | |
达瑙语群 | 马拉瑙语 | isa | dowa | t'lo | phat | lima | taw | walay | aso | neyog | gawi'e | bago | tano | tonaa | apoy |
南民答那峨语群 | 塔博利语 | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | lima | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu | ofih |
米纳哈沙语群 | 通布鲁语 | esa | zua rua |
telu | epat | lima | tou | walé | asu | po'po' | endo | weru | kai kita |
apa | api |
桑吉尔语群 | 桑吉尔语 | sembau esa' |
darua | tatelu | epa' | lima | tau | balé | kapuna' | bango' | elo | wuhu | kité | tawé | putung |
哥伦打洛-蒙贡多语群 | 哥伦打洛语 | tuwewu | duluwo | totolu | opato | limo | tawu | bele | 'apula | bongo | dulahu | bohu | 'ito | wolo | tulu |
蒙贡多语 | inta' | dua | tolu | opat | lima | intau | baloi | ungku' | bango' | singgai | mobagu | kita | onda | tulu' |
脚注
注释
- ^ Zorc, R. David Paul. The genetic relationships of Philippine languages. 1986. In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. editors, FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. C-94:147-173. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.
- ^ Blust, Robert. The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis. Oceanic Linguistics. 1991, 30 (2): 73–129. JSTOR 3623084. doi:10.2307/3623084.
- ^ Blust, Robert A. Liao, Hsiu-Chuan; Rubino, Carl R.Galvez , 编. The linguistic macrohistory of the Philippines. 2005: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines. 2005: 31–68.
- ^ Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)
- ^ Blust, Robert. The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis. Oceanic Linguistics. 1991, 30 (2): 73–129. JSTOR 3623084. doi:10.2307/3623084.
- ^ Llamzon, Teodoro A. "Proto-Philippine Phonology." (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) In: Archipel, volume 9, 1975. pp. 29-42.
- ^ Charles, Mathew. Problems in the Reconstruction of Proto-Philippine Phonology and the Subgrouping of the Philippine Languages. Oceanic Linguistics. 1974, 13 (1/2): 457–509. JSTOR 3622751. doi:10.2307/3622751.
- ^ Llamzon, Teodoro. The subgrouping of Philippine languages. Philippine Sociological Review. 1966, 14 (3): 145–150. JSTOR 23892050.
- ^ Llamzon, Teodoro; Martin, Teresita. A subgrouping of 100 Philippine languages. South-East Asian Linguistic Studies. 1976, 2: 141–172.
- ^ Reid, Lawrence. 1982. The demise of Proto-Philippines (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2: Tracking the travellers, ed. by Amran Halim, Lois Carrington, and Stephen Wurm, 201-216. Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 75. Canberra: Australian National University.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew. Chasing rainbows: Implications for the rapid dispersal of Austronesian languages for subgrouping and reconstruction. Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (Academia Sinica): 95–138.
- ^ Ross, Malcolm. The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo-Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian (PDF). Journal of Austronesian Studies. 2005, 1 (2) [2012-10-15]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-22).
- ^ Spriggs, Matthew. Chronology of Neolithic transition in Island Southeast Asia and the western Pacific. The Review of Anthropology. 2003, 24: 57–80.
- ^ Spriggs, Matthew. The Neolithic and Austronesian expansion within Island Southeast Asia and into the Pacific. From Southeast Asia to the Pacific. Archeological Perspectives on the Austronesian Expansion and the Lapita Cultural Complex (Academia Sinica). 2007: 104–140.
- ^ Spriggs, Matthew. Archeology and Austronesian expansion: Where are we now? (PDF). Antiquity. 2011, 85 (328): 510–528 [2019-11-02]. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00067910. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-19).
- ^ Gray, Russell; Drummond, Alexei; Greenhill, Simon. Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement. Science. 2009, 323 (5913): 479–482. doi:10.1126/science.1166858.
- ^ Reid, Lawrence. 2017. Revisiting the position of Philippine languages in the Austronesian family (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC (BAG) Distinguished Professorial Chair Lecture, 2017, De La Salle University, Manila.
- ^ Reid, Lawrence A. 2018. "Modeling the linguistic situation in the Philippines." In Let's Talk about Trees, ed. by Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence A. Reid. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. doi:10.15021/00009006
- ^ Smith, Alexander D. The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem. Oceanic Linguistics. 2017, 56 (2): 435–490. doi:10.1353/ol.2017.0021., p. 479
- ^ Klamer, Marian. The dispersal of Austronesian languages in Island South East Asia: Current findings and debates. Language and Linguistics Compass. 2018, 13 (e12325): 1–26. doi:10.1111/lnc3.12325.
- ^ Zorc, R. David Paul. On the development of contrastive word accent: Pangasinan, a case in point. South-East Asian Linguistic Studies. 1979, 3: 241–258.
- ^ Zorc, David Paul. The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. 1977. ISBN 0858831570. doi:10.15144/PL-C44.
参考文献
- K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.
延伸阅读
- Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002.
- Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, 2008.
- Reid, Lawrence A. (2013) "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Evidence from Language (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)." Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 15.
- Zorc, R. David. 1972. Field notes (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
参见
- 菲律宾语言
- 菲律宾地区语言列表
- 菲律宾矮黑人语言
- 菲律宾文学