紅線制度 (美國)
紅線制度是美國境內的一種歧視性現象，美國有些金融機構拒絕為非白人（例如非裔美國人）聚居區居民提供金融服務。 [1][2][3]
20世紀60年代，社會學家約翰·麥克奈特（John McKnight ）提到芝加哥的銀行根據種族成分對各個社區進行排名。某些社區被視為「危險」或不值得投資的社區。 [4] 20世紀80年代，調查記者比爾·戴德曼 (Bill Dedman)[5] ，指出亞特蘭大的銀行會向低收入的白人社區居民提供貸款，但不會向中等收入甚至高收入的黑人社區居民提供貸款。 [6][7]
參考文獻
- ^ Locke, Dexter H.; Hall, Billy; Grove, J. Morgan; Pickett, Steward T. A.; Ogden, Laura A.; Aoki, Carissa; Boone, Christopher G.; O』Neil-Dunne, Jarlath P. M. Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities. npj Urban Sustainability. 25 March 2021, 1 (1): 15. Bibcode:2021npjUS...1...15L. S2CID 232342980. doi:10.1038/s42949-021-00022-0
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- ^ Perrino, Julia. Redlining and health indicators: Decisions made 80 years ago have health consequences today. National Community Reinvestment Coalition. 2020-07-02 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2024-07-13）.
- ^ Agyeman, Julian. How urban planning and housing policy helped create 'food apartheid' in US cities. The Conversation. March 9, 2021 [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2024-09-09）.
- ^ IPR at 40 (PDF). Northwestern IPR. Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research. September 2018 [November 9, 2021]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-10-29）.
- ^ Awards: Pulitzer Prizes Awarded to The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2024-06-02）.
- ^ Dedman, Bill. The Color of Money (PDF). The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 1–4 May 1988. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於3 July 2021）.
- ^ Investigative Classics: 'The Color of Money,' on Housing Redlining, 1988. RealClearInvestigations. [2021-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-29）.
