胰神經內分泌瘤

胰神經內分泌瘤(Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors,簡稱PanNETsPETs,或PNETs),是一種源自於胰臟神經分泌細胞腫瘤。它是屬於一種神經內分泌腫瘤,可能為惡性腫瘤良性腫瘤,其發病率約佔胃腸胰神經內分泌腫瘤(GEP-NETs)的1/3。

胰神經內分泌腫瘤
又稱胰島細胞瘤(islet cell tumors)[1][2],或胰內分泌細胞瘤(pancreaticdocrine tumors)[3][4]
胰臟示意圖
類型islet cell tumor[*]gastrointestinal carcinoma[*]疾病
分類和外部資源
醫學專科腫瘤學
ICD-11XH5XB7
ICD-10C25.4
OMIM[2]
Orphanet97253
[編輯此條目的維基數據]

PanNETs並不常見,僅佔所有胰臟腫瘤的 1 至 2% 。

分類

PanNET可以根據功能性,與腫瘤分級和分期來進行分類:

功能性分類

功能型(functional)和非功能型(nonfunctional)兩大類,功能型PanNETs的腫瘤會過度分泌激素,造成患者產生相對應的症狀,反之則為非功能型[5]。功能型約佔所有PanNETs的 10-60 % ,通常會較非功能型早期診斷,且幾乎皆為良性[5]

PNET的功能性分類[6][5]
類型 腫瘤原發位置 生物標記 症狀 備註
胰島素瘤(Insulinoma) 胰臟頭部、體部,及尾部 胰島素、胰島素原英語proinsulinC-胜肽(C-peptide) 低血糖、惠普三要項英語Whipple triad(Whipple triad) 最常見的PanNETs
胃泌素瘤(Gastrinoma) 胃泌素瘤三角(Gastrinoma triangle) 胃泌素瘤、 胰多肽(polypeptide,PP) Zollinger–Ellison症候群英語Zollinger–Ellison syndrome(胃潰瘍、上腹痛、腹瀉) 次常見
血管活性腸肽瘤英語VIPoma(VIPoma) 胰臟體部,及尾部 血管活性腸肽(VIP) Verner-Morrison症候群(水瀉、低血鉀、脫水、胃酸缺乏英語achlorhydria 罕見
升糖素瘤(Glucagonoma) 胰臟體部,及尾部 升糖素、腸升糖素(glycentin) 紅疹、遊走性紅斑英語Necrolytic migratory erythema糖尿病惡病質 罕見
體制素瘤英語Somatostatinoma(Somatostatinoma) 胰十二指腸溝(Pancreatoduodenal groove)、壺腹、壺腹周圍 體抑素 糖尿病、膽石病、腹瀉 罕見
胰多肽瘤(PPoma) 胰臟頭部 胰多肽 罕見
促腎上腺皮質素瘤(ACTHoma) 胰臟 促腎上腺皮質激素(ACTH) 庫欣氏症候群 罕見,發生於胰臟者占異位性庫欣氏症的4-16%
類癌 胰臟 血清素 潮紅、腹瀉 罕見,發生於胰臟者佔所有類癌症後群的1%
副甲狀腺荷爾蒙相關蛋白瘤(PTHrp-oma) 胰臟 副甲狀腺荷爾蒙相關蛋白(PTHrp) 高血鈣症狀,症狀會類似副甲狀腺過高 罕見

腫瘤分級

2017年世界衛生組織(WHO)分類系統將 PanNETs 分為三級。該分類系統相對於過去的分類,更強調腫瘤的分級[7]

2017年WHO胰臟神經內分泌腫瘤(PanNETs)分類系統[8]
分類/分級 Ki-67增殖指數*(%) 有絲分裂指數(%)
分化良好的PanNETs
PanNET G1 <3 <2
PanNET G2 3 to 20 2 to 20
PanNET G3 >20 >20
分化不好的PanNETs:胰臟神經內分泌癌(Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas,PanNECs)
PanNEC (G3) >20 >20
小細胞型(Small cell type)
大細胞型(Large cell type)
混合型:腫瘤同時由神經內分泌細胞及非神經內分泌細胞構成

腫瘤分期

目前關於PanNETs分類系統主要有歐洲內分泌腫瘤協會(ENETS)系統[9],以及AJCC系統兩種,兩者皆使用TNM系統進行分期[5]

症狀及徵象

功能型PanNETs的症狀大多與其分泌激素相關,主要症狀源自於該激素過量的表現[10]。非功能型雖也會分泌多種激素,但其激素過量症狀並不若功能型那樣明顯。非功能型PanNETs主要的症狀源自於壓迫周圍器官或是遠端轉移的症狀[11][12][13]。但隨着影像學的進步,非功能型PanNETs有時會在壓迫症狀出現之前,就意外診斷出來[14]:43–44。有時時非功能型的PanNETs也會在疾病後期出現激素過量症狀[15]

命名

PanNETs過去又常被稱為胰島細胞瘤(islet cell tumors),但該名稱無法準確描述源自於胰島之外的PanNETs,因此使用該名稱者已逐漸減少[10]

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Burns WR, Edil BH. Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: guidelines for management and update. Current treatment options in oncology. March 2012, 13 (1): 24–34. PMID 22198808. doi:10.1007/s11864-011-0172-2. 
  2. ^ Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment (PDQ) Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute. March 7, 2014. [1]
  3. ^ The PanNET denomination is in line with current WHO guidelines. Historically, PanNETs have also been referred to by a variety of terms, and are still often called "islet cell tumors" or "pancreatic endocrine tumors". See: Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D, et al. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems (PDF). Pancreas. August 2010, 39 (6): 707–12 [2018-05-17]. PMID 20664470. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-09-24). 
  4. ^ Oberg, K. Pancreatic endocrine tumors. Seminars in Oncology. 2010, 37 (6): 594–618. PMID 21167379. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.10.014. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Sun, Jian. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Intractable & Rare Diseases Research. 2017, 6 (1): 21–28. ISSN 2186-361X. doi:10.5582/irdr.2017.01007 (英語). 
  6. ^ Vinik, Aaron; Casellini, Carolina; Perry, Roger R.; Feliberti, Eric; Vingan, Harlan. De Groot, Leslie J.; Chrousos, George; Dungan, Kathleen; Feingold, Kenneth R.; Grossman, Ashley; Hershman, Jerome M.; Koch, Christian; Korbonits, Márta; McLachlan, Robert , 編. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. 2015 [2018-05-17]. PMID 25905300. (原始內容存檔於2021-09-29). 
  7. ^ Klimstra, David S.; Modlin, Irvin R.; Coppola, Domenico; Lloyd, Ricardo V.; Suster, Saul. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems (PDF). Pancreas. August 2010, 39 (6): 707–712 [2018-05-17]. ISSN 1536-4828. PMID 20664470. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-09-24). 
  8. ^ Scoazec, Jean-Yves; Couvelard, Anne. Classification des tumeurs neuroendocrines pancréatiques : nouveautés introduites par la classification OMS 2017 des tumeurs des organes endocrines et perspectives. Annales de Pathologie. 2017-12, 37 (6): 444–456. ISSN 0242-6498. doi:10.1016/j.annpat.2017.10.003 (英語). 
  9. ^ Öberg K, Knigge U, Kwekkeboom D, Perren A. Neuroendocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. October 2012,. 23 Suppl 7: vii124–30 [2018-05-17]. PMID 22997445. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds295. (原始內容存檔於2013-10-11).  (Table 5 Archive.is存檔,存檔日期2014-12-26 outlines the proposed TNM staging system for PanNETs.)
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, localization, and staging of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. www.uptodate.com. UpToDate. [2018-05-17]. 
  11. ^ Vagefi, Parsia A.; Razo, Oswaldo; Deshpande, Vikram; McGrath, Deborah J.; Lauwers, Gregory Y.; Thayer, Sarah P.; Warshaw, Andrew L.; Fernández-Del Castillo, Carlos. Evolving patterns in the detection and outcomes of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: the Massachusetts General Hospital experience from 1977 to 2005. Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill.: 1960). 2007-4, 142 (4): 347–354. ISSN 0004-0010. PMC 3979851 . PMID 17438169. doi:10.1001/archsurg.142.4.347. 
  12. ^ Li, Ji; Luo, Guopei; Fu, Deliang; Jin, Chen; Hao, Sijie; Yang, Feng; Wang, Xiaoyi; Yao, Lie; Ni, Quanxing. Preoperative diagnosis of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2011-12, 28 (4): 1027–1031. ISSN 1559-131X. PMID 20623205. doi:10.1007/s12032-010-9611-3. 
  13. ^ Nomura, Naohiro; Fujii, Tsutomu; Kanazumi, Naohito; Takeda, Shin; Nomoto, Shuji; Kasuya, Hideki; Sugimoto, Hiroyuki; Yamada, Suguru; Nakao, Akimasa. Nonfunctioning neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: our experience and management. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2009, 16 (5): 639–647. ISSN 1436-0691. PMID 19365596. doi:10.1007/s00534-009-0099-1. 
  14. ^ Neuroendocrine tumors, NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2015 (PDF). NCCN Guidelines. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. November 11, 2014 [December 25, 2014]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-04-24). 
  15. ^ de Mestier, Louis; Hentic, Olivia; Cros, Jérôme; Walter, Thomas; Roquin, Guillaume; Brixi, Hedia; Lombard-Bohas, Catherine; Hammel, Pascal; Diebold, Marie-Danièle. Metachronous hormonal syndromes in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a case-series study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015-05-19, 162 (10): 682–689 [2018-05-17]. ISSN 1539-3704. PMID 25984844. doi:10.7326/M14-2132. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-15). 

外部連結