胰神经内分泌瘤

胰神经内分泌瘤(Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors,简称PanNETsPETs,或PNETs),是一种源自于胰脏神经分泌细胞肿瘤。它是属于一种神经内分泌肿瘤,可能为恶性肿瘤良性肿瘤,其发病率约占胃肠胰神经内分泌肿瘤(GEP-NETs)的1/3。

胰神经内分泌肿瘤
又称胰岛细胞瘤(islet cell tumors)[1][2],或胰内分泌细胞瘤(pancreaticdocrine tumors)[3][4]
胰脏示意图
类型islet cell tumor[*]gastrointestinal carcinoma[*]疾病
分类和外部资源
医学专科肿瘤学
ICD-11XH5XB7
ICD-10C25.4
OMIM[2]
Orphanet97253
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

PanNETs并不常见,仅占所有胰脏肿瘤的 1 至 2% 。

分类

PanNET可以根据功能性,与肿瘤分级和分期来进行分类:

功能性分类

功能型(functional)和非功能型(nonfunctional)两大类,功能型PanNETs的肿瘤会过度分泌激素,造成患者产生相对应的症状,反之则为非功能型[5]。功能型约占所有PanNETs的 10-60 % ,通常会较非功能型早期诊断,且几乎皆为良性[5]

PNET的功能性分类[6][5]
类型 肿瘤原发位置 生物标记 症状 备注
胰岛素瘤(Insulinoma) 胰脏头部、体部,及尾部 胰岛素、胰岛素原英语proinsulinC-胜肽(C-peptide) 低血糖、惠普三要项英语Whipple triad(Whipple triad) 最常见的PanNETs
胃泌素瘤(Gastrinoma) 胃泌素瘤三角(Gastrinoma triangle) 胃泌素瘤、 胰多肽(polypeptide,PP) Zollinger–Ellison症候群英语Zollinger–Ellison syndrome(胃溃疡、上腹痛、腹泻) 次常见
血管活性肠肽瘤英语VIPoma(VIPoma) 胰脏体部,及尾部 血管活性肠肽(VIP) Verner-Morrison症候群(水泻、低血钾、脱水、胃酸缺乏英语achlorhydria 罕见
升糖素瘤(Glucagonoma) 胰脏体部,及尾部 升糖素、肠升糖素(glycentin) 红疹、游走性红斑英语Necrolytic migratory erythema糖尿病恶病质 罕见
体制素瘤英语Somatostatinoma(Somatostatinoma) 胰十二指肠沟(Pancreatoduodenal groove)、壶腹、壶腹周围 体抑素 糖尿病、胆石病、腹泻 罕见
胰多肽瘤(PPoma) 胰脏头部 胰多肽 罕见
促肾上腺皮质素瘤(ACTHoma) 胰脏 促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH) 库欣氏症候群 罕见,发生于胰脏者占异位性库欣氏症的4-16%
类癌 胰脏 血清素 潮红、腹泻 罕见,发生于胰脏者占所有类癌症后群的1%
副甲状腺荷尔蒙相关蛋白瘤(PTHrp-oma) 胰脏 副甲状腺荷尔蒙相关蛋白(PTHrp) 高血钙症状,症状会类似副甲状腺过高 罕见

肿瘤分级

2017年世界卫生组织(WHO)分类系统将 PanNETs 分为三级。该分类系统相对于过去的分类,更强调肿瘤的分级[7]

2017年WHO胰脏神经内分泌肿瘤(PanNETs)分类系统[8]
分类/分级 Ki-67增殖指数*(%) 有丝分裂指数(%)
分化良好的PanNETs
PanNET G1 <3 <2
PanNET G2 3 to 20 2 to 20
PanNET G3 >20 >20
分化不好的PanNETs:胰脏神经内分泌癌(Pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinomas,PanNECs)
PanNEC (G3) >20 >20
小细胞型(Small cell type)
大细胞型(Large cell type)
混合型:肿瘤同时由神经内分泌细胞及非神经内分泌细胞构成

肿瘤分期

目前关于PanNETs分类系统主要有欧洲内分泌肿瘤协会(ENETS)系统[9],以及AJCC系统两种,两者皆使用TNM系统进行分期[5]

症状及征象

功能型PanNETs的症状大多与其分泌激素相关,主要症状源自于该激素过量的表现[10]。非功能型虽也会分泌多种激素,但其激素过量症状并不若功能型那样明显。非功能型PanNETs主要的症状源自于压迫周围器官或是远端转移的症状[11][12][13]。但随著影像学的进步,非功能型PanNETs有时会在压迫症状出现之前,就意外诊断出来[14]:43–44。有时时非功能型的PanNETs也会在疾病后期出现激素过量症状[15]

命名

PanNETs过去又常被称为胰岛细胞瘤(islet cell tumors),但该名称无法准确描述源自于胰岛之外的PanNETs,因此使用该名称者已逐渐减少[10]

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Burns WR, Edil BH. Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: guidelines for management and update. Current treatment options in oncology. March 2012, 13 (1): 24–34. PMID 22198808. doi:10.1007/s11864-011-0172-2. 
  2. ^ Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (Islet Cell Tumors) Treatment (PDQ) Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute. March 7, 2014. [1]
  3. ^ The PanNET denomination is in line with current WHO guidelines. Historically, PanNETs have also been referred to by a variety of terms, and are still often called "islet cell tumors" or "pancreatic endocrine tumors". See: Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D, et al. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems (PDF). Pancreas. August 2010, 39 (6): 707–12 [2018-05-17]. PMID 20664470. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24). 
  4. ^ Oberg, K. Pancreatic endocrine tumors. Seminars in Oncology. 2010, 37 (6): 594–618. PMID 21167379. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.10.014. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Sun, Jian. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Intractable & Rare Diseases Research. 2017, 6 (1): 21–28. ISSN 2186-361X. doi:10.5582/irdr.2017.01007 (英语). 
  6. ^ Vinik, Aaron; Casellini, Carolina; Perry, Roger R.; Feliberti, Eric; Vingan, Harlan. De Groot, Leslie J.; Chrousos, George; Dungan, Kathleen; Feingold, Kenneth R.; Grossman, Ashley; Hershman, Jerome M.; Koch, Christian; Korbonits, Márta; McLachlan, Robert , 编. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. 2015 [2018-05-17]. PMID 25905300. (原始内容存档于2021-09-29). 
  7. ^ Klimstra, David S.; Modlin, Irvin R.; Coppola, Domenico; Lloyd, Ricardo V.; Suster, Saul. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems (PDF). Pancreas. August 2010, 39 (6): 707–712 [2018-05-17]. ISSN 1536-4828. PMID 20664470. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24). 
  8. ^ Scoazec, Jean-Yves; Couvelard, Anne. Classification des tumeurs neuroendocrines pancréatiques : nouveautés introduites par la classification OMS 2017 des tumeurs des organes endocrines et perspectives. Annales de Pathologie. 2017-12, 37 (6): 444–456. ISSN 0242-6498. doi:10.1016/j.annpat.2017.10.003 (英语). 
  9. ^ Öberg K, Knigge U, Kwekkeboom D, Perren A. Neuroendocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. October 2012,. 23 Suppl 7: vii124–30 [2018-05-17]. PMID 22997445. doi:10.1093/annonc/mds295. (原始内容存档于2013-10-11).  (Table 5 Archive.is存档,存档日期2014-12-26 outlines the proposed TNM staging system for PanNETs.)
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, localization, and staging of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. www.uptodate.com. UpToDate. [2018-05-17]. 
  11. ^ Vagefi, Parsia A.; Razo, Oswaldo; Deshpande, Vikram; McGrath, Deborah J.; Lauwers, Gregory Y.; Thayer, Sarah P.; Warshaw, Andrew L.; Fernández-Del Castillo, Carlos. Evolving patterns in the detection and outcomes of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: the Massachusetts General Hospital experience from 1977 to 2005. Archives of Surgery (Chicago, Ill.: 1960). 2007-4, 142 (4): 347–354. ISSN 0004-0010. PMC 3979851 . PMID 17438169. doi:10.1001/archsurg.142.4.347. 
  12. ^ Li, Ji; Luo, Guopei; Fu, Deliang; Jin, Chen; Hao, Sijie; Yang, Feng; Wang, Xiaoyi; Yao, Lie; Ni, Quanxing. Preoperative diagnosis of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2011-12, 28 (4): 1027–1031. ISSN 1559-131X. PMID 20623205. doi:10.1007/s12032-010-9611-3. 
  13. ^ Nomura, Naohiro; Fujii, Tsutomu; Kanazumi, Naohito; Takeda, Shin; Nomoto, Shuji; Kasuya, Hideki; Sugimoto, Hiroyuki; Yamada, Suguru; Nakao, Akimasa. Nonfunctioning neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: our experience and management. Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2009, 16 (5): 639–647. ISSN 1436-0691. PMID 19365596. doi:10.1007/s00534-009-0099-1. 
  14. ^ Neuroendocrine tumors, NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2015 (PDF). NCCN Guidelines. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. November 11, 2014 [December 25, 2014]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-04-24). 
  15. ^ de Mestier, Louis; Hentic, Olivia; Cros, Jérôme; Walter, Thomas; Roquin, Guillaume; Brixi, Hedia; Lombard-Bohas, Catherine; Hammel, Pascal; Diebold, Marie-Danièle. Metachronous hormonal syndromes in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a case-series study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2015-05-19, 162 (10): 682–689 [2018-05-17]. ISSN 1539-3704. PMID 25984844. doi:10.7326/M14-2132. (原始内容存档于2020-05-15). 

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