自身免疫性肝炎
自身免疫性肝炎,前稱狼瘡性肝炎、漿細胞性肝炎或自身免疫性慢性活動性肝炎,是肝臟的一種慢性自身免疫性疾病,當身體的免疫系統攻擊肝細胞時,會導致肝臟發炎。常見的初始症狀可能包括疲勞、噁心、肌肉酸痛或體重減輕或急性肝臟炎症的跡象,包括發燒、黃疸和右上腹痛。患有自身免疫性肝炎的人通常沒有初始症狀,並且可以通過肝功能檢查異常和常規血液檢查中蛋白質水平升高或腹部手術期間觀察到異常的肝臟來檢測該疾病。[1]
自身免疫性肝炎 | |
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顯微照片顯示淋巴漿細胞界面性肝炎——自身免疫性肝炎的特徵性組織形態學發現。肝活檢。H&E染色劑。 | |
症狀 | 常無症狀、乏力、右上腹痛、厭食、噁心、黃疸、關節痛、皮疹 |
併發症 | 慢性肝病、肝硬化 |
起病年齡 | 雙峰表現:10-20歲、40-50歲 |
病程 | 終身 |
類型 | 1型,2型,血清陰性 |
病因 | 具有環境觸發因素的遺傳易感性 |
風險因素 | 女性,其他自身免疫性疾病 |
診斷方法 | 肝酶水平,抗體組。確診:肝活檢 |
鑑別診斷 | 原發性膽汁性膽管炎 原發性硬化性膽管炎 |
治療 | 潑尼松、硫唑嘌呤 |
預後 | 如果不治療,存活率<50%,治療後存活率>90% |
盛行率 | 每年每100000人發生1-2次 患病率10-25每100000 |
分類和外部資源 | |
醫學專科 | 胃腸學、肝膽病學 |
ICD-11 | DB96.0 |
ICD-9-CM | 571.42 |
DiseasesDB | 1150 |
MedlinePlus | 000245 |
eMedicine | 172356 |
Orphanet | 2137 |
MHC II類受體在肝細胞表面的異常呈現,[2]可能是由於遺傳易感性或急性肝臟感染,導致細胞介導的針對人體自身肝臟的免疫反應,導致自身免疫性肝炎。異常的免疫反應會導致肝臟發炎,從而導致進一步的症狀和併發症,例如疲勞和肝硬化。[3]該病最常在40至50歲的患者中被診斷出來,患者年齡在40歲至50歲之間。女性比男性更常見。[4]
症狀
自身免疫性肝炎可能完全無症狀(12-35%的病例),有慢性肝病或急性甚至暴發性肝功能衰竭的跡象。[5][6]
通常表現出一種或多種非特異性的長期症狀,例如疲勞、一般健康狀況不佳、嗜睡、體重減輕、輕度右上腹痛、不適、厭食、瘙癢、噁心、黃疸或關節痛,尤其影響小關節。極少數情況下,可能會出現皮疹或不明原因的發燒。在女性中,沒有月經(閉經)是一個常見的特徵。體格檢查可能正常,但也可能出現慢性肝病的症狀。許多人最初的表現只是實驗室異常,轉氨酶無法解釋的增加,並在評估期間因其他原因被診斷出來。其他人在診斷時已經發展為肝硬化。[4]鹼性磷酸酶和膽紅素通常是正常的。
自身免疫性肝炎可能與其他自身免疫性疾病重疊,主要是1型糖尿病、潰瘍性結腸炎、系統性紅斑狼瘡、乳糜瀉、血管炎和自身免疫性甲狀腺炎。[5]
病因
自身免疫性肝炎發展的流行理論被認為是遺傳易感性、環境誘發因素(病毒、藥物、草藥、免疫接種)和天然免疫系統失效導致肝細胞慢性炎症和隨後的肝纖維化的相互作用。[7][8][9]
沒有具體的證據證明其原因。60%的患者有與慢性肝炎相關的發現,但沒有病毒感染的血清學證據。該疾病與抗平滑肌抗體密切相關。[10]
確切的基因和誘發因素仍未確定,但研究表明早發性嚴重疾病與HLA-DR3血清型有關,而遲發性疾病與HLA-DR4血清型有關。[11]
診斷
排除其他病因(如病毒性、遺傳性、代謝性、膽汁淤積性和藥物性肝病)後,結合臨床、實驗室和組織學檢查結果可以最好地診斷自身免疫性肝炎。織學檢查的要求需要進行肝活檢,通常用針通過經皮途徑進行,以提供肝組織。
自身抗體
在血液中發現的許多特異性抗體(抗核抗體(ANA)、抗平滑肌抗體(SMA)、抗肝腎微粒體抗體(LKM-1、LKM-2、LKM-3)、抗可溶性肝抗原(SLA)、肝胰抗原(LP)和抗線粒體抗體(AMA))是有用的,如發現免疫球蛋白G水平升高。抗線粒體抗體的存在更提示原發性膽汁性膽管炎。高丙種球蛋白血症也具有診斷價值。[12]
組織學
自身免疫性肝炎可以通過以下非特異性發現在組織學上進行表徵:[13][14][15][16]
- 門靜脈單核細胞浸潤侵入門靜脈三聯體周圍的邊界並浸潤周圍的小葉。
- 門靜脈周圍病變,也稱為界面性肝炎,不影響膽道樹(可能包括中心區域壞死)。
- 可以看到膽管異常(膽管炎、膽管損傷、膽管反應),如果觀察到肉芽腫,應及時評估原發性膽汁性膽管炎或結節病。
- 漿細胞浸潤、肝細胞花環和多核巨細胞。
- 不同程度的纖維化(最輕微的自身免疫性肝炎除外)。連接門靜脈和中央區域的橋接纖維化會扭曲肝小葉的結構並導致肝硬化。
診斷評分
國際自身免疫肝炎組織為人群研究中的臨床診斷制定了標準化評分系統,但在個體化病例中缺乏價值。[12]用於臨床的簡化評分系統結合了自身抗體滴度、總IgG水平、肝臟組織學和排除病毒性肝炎的診斷評分。[17]
分類
根據檢測到的自身抗體,自身免疫性肝炎可分為三個亞型,但沒有明顯的臨床表現。
- 1型自身免疫性肝炎。陽性抗體包括:[18][19]
- 抗核抗體 (ANA)
- 抗平滑肌抗體 (ASMA) - 65%的人
- 抗肌動蛋白抗體
- 抗線粒體抗體 - 除原發性膽汁性膽管炎重疊綜合徵外很少見
- 抗可溶性肝抗原/肝胰抗體抗原——20%的人
- 抗雙鏈 DNA - 30%的人
- 非典型核周抗中性粒細胞胞漿抗體(p-ANCA)
- 2型自身免疫性肝炎。陽性抗體包括:[20]
- 肝腎微粒體抗體 (LKM-1)
- 抗肝細胞溶膠抗體 1 (SLC-1)
- 自身抗體陰性的自身免疫性肝炎。[21]
- 缺乏陽性ANA、ASMA、LKM-1等抗體組,但具有自身免疫性肝炎的臨床特徵,可通過標準治療解決。
鑑別診斷
其他需要考慮的診斷包括可能導致急性肝炎或可能伴有肝硬化的慢性肝臟炎症:
治療
藥物治療的選擇應基於個體症狀的嚴重程度、肝酶和抗體水平的定量升高、肝活檢的結果以及藥物治療副作用的耐受能力。
一般來說,肝酶和抗體水平正常的無症狀患者以及肝活檢未顯示炎症的患者不需要治療,因為這些患者疾病進展的風險較低。對於有症狀且肝活檢顯示界面性肝炎和壞死證據的個體,建議提供治療,如果患者年輕且可以耐受藥物治療的副作用。[24][25]
治療的主要方法是在急性發作期間使用免疫抑制性糖皮質激素,如潑尼松,在高達60-80%的病例中可以實現症狀消退,但許多病例最終會復發。[26]對於不能耐受糖皮質激素的中重度疾病患者,低劑量潑尼松單藥治療或與硫唑嘌呤聯合治療是合理的替代方案。布地奈德已被證明在誘導緩解方面比潑尼松更有效,但證據不足,需要更多數據才能例行推薦。[27]對糖皮質激素和硫唑嘌呤無反應的自身免疫性肝炎患者可給予其他免疫抑制劑,如霉酚酸酯、環孢素、他克莫司或甲氨蝶呤。[26][28][29][30]
大約7%到40%的接受治療的患者會發展為肝硬化。進展為肝硬化的風險最高的人是那些對治療反應不完全、治療失敗和多次復發的人。一旦發生肝硬化,無論病因如何,自身免疫性肝炎中肝硬化的管理都是標準的。肝移植是暴發性肝功能衰竭患者或儘管接受了多種治療但仍出現疾病進展的患者的標準治療方法。[31][32][33]
預後
如果不進行治療,症狀性自身免疫性肝炎患者的十年生存率為50%。經過治療,十年生存率在90%以上。治療有好處,但自身免疫性肝炎患者的無移植生存率通常低於普通人群。[34][35][36]肝移植的結果普遍良好,五年生存率超過80%。[4]
流行病學
自身免疫性肝炎可在任何種族或年齡的人中發生,但最常見於女性。[40][41][42]80%的病例是1型亞型,女性受累的頻率是男性的4倍;對於2型亞型,女性受累的頻率是男性的10倍。[21][43]
歷史
自身免疫性肝炎以前稱為「狼瘡」肝炎,因為人們在診斷時患有相關的自身免疫性疾病,如系統性紅斑狼瘡,被認為是其原因。最初是在1950年代初描述。[47]
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