抗生素抗药性
抗生素抗药性(antibiotic resistance)是抗药性的一种形式,借此特性,一些微生物亚群体,通常是细菌种,能够在暴露于一或多种抗生素之下得以生存;对多种抗生素具抗药性的病原体被视为具有多重抗药性(multidrug resistant,MDR),或更通俗地称之超级细菌(superbugs)。微生物演化对抗生素产生抵抗力。[1]
抗生素抗药性是当代医学一个日益严重的现象,已成为21世纪超级重要的公共健康议题之一,特别是因为它涉及到病原微生物(此术语特别指有关引起人类疾病的生物)。在最简单的情况下,抗药性的有机体可能获得第一线抗生素的抵抗力,从而需要使用二线药物。通常,选用第一线药物是根据安全性、易取得和成本等的考量;二线药物则通常是广效的、有个不受欢迎的副作用、以及比较昂贵,或是情势急迫,局部没有效果。某些MDR病原体,相继获得第二、甚至第三线抗生素的抗药性,典型的情况像是金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的院内感染。某些病原体如绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)还具有高水准的内在抗药性。
由于不断增长的患病率和发病率,MDR病原菌通常用来代表陆续增加的常见缩写:MRSA(抗药性金黄色葡萄球菌,Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)大概是最有名的,但其他还有像是VISA(万古霉素敏感性减低金黄色葡萄球菌,vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus)、VRSA(抗万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌,vancomycin-resistant S. aureus)、ESBL(超广效β-内酰胺酶,Extended spectrum beta-lactamase),VRE(抗万古霉素肠球菌,Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus)、MRAB(多重抗药性鲍氏不动杆菌,Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii), CRE(抗碳青霉烯类肠杆菌,Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae),都是显著的例子。当院内感染压倒性主导的情况下牵扯到MDR病原菌,多重抗药性的感染也会在社区变得越来越普遍。
成因
自然发生
抗生素抗药性的提高与处方抗生素的量以及服用抗生素时的剂量不足有关。抗生素处方不当归因于多种原因,例如医生因患者坚持使用抗生素而开立抗生素处方,归根到底还是因为他们没有时间解释为什么没有必要用抗生素。另一个原因可能是医生不知道何时开抗生素,或者由于医疗或法律原因过于谨慎。例如,70%至80%腹泻病例是由病毒病原体引起的,而抗生素对此无效。但是,尽管如此,仍有大约40%的病例尝试用抗生素治疗。在某些地区,甚至超过80%的此类病例都试图用抗生素治疗。
机制
耐药菌
金黄色葡萄球菌
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)
链球菌和肠球菌
化脓性链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)
抗万古霉素肠球菌(Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus)
绿脓杆菌
多重抗药性绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
艰难梭菌
艰难梭菌(Clostridium difficile)
沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌
大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和沙门氏菌(Salmonella)
鲍氏不动杆菌
鲍氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)
克雷伯肺炎杆菌
肺炎克雷伯氏菌(KP,K. pneumoniae)
结核杆菌
结核杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
参考来源
- ^ Antibiotic Resistance Questions & Answers. Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. 2009-06-30 [20 March 2013]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-29).
参考文献
- 书籍
- Caldwell, Roy; Lindberg, David (编). Understanding Evolution [Mutations are random]. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 2011 [Aug 14, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-08).
- 期刊
- Arias, Cesar A.; Murray, BE. Antibiotic-Resistant Bugs in the 21st Century —A Clinical Super-Challenge. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009, 360 (5): 439–443. PMID 19179312. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0804651.
- D'Costa, Vanessa; King, Christine; Kalan, Lindsay; Morar, Mariya; Sung, Wilson; Schwartz, Carsten; Froese, Duane; Zazula, Grant; Calmels, Fabrice. Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature. September 2011, 477 (7365): 457–461. Bibcode:2011Natur.477..457D. PMID 21881561. doi:10.1038/nature10388.
- Donadio, Stefano; Maffioli, Sonia; Monciardini, Paolo; Sosio, Margherita; Jabes, Daniela. Antibiotic discovery in the twenty-first century: Current trends and future perspectives. The Journal of Antibiotics. August 2010, 63 (8): 423–430. PMID 20551985. doi:10.1038/ja.2010.62.
- Goossens, H; Ferech, M; Vander Stichele, R; Elseviers, M; Esac Project, Group. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet. Group Esac Project. 2005, 365 (9459): 579–87. PMID 15708101. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17907-0.
- Hawkey, PM; Jones, AM. The changing epidemiology of resistance. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. September 2009,. 64 Suppl 1: i3–10. PMID 19675017. doi:10.1093/jac/dkp256.
- Soulsby, EJ. Resistance to antimicrobials in humans and animals: Overusing antibiotics is not the only cause and reducing use is not the only solution. BMJ. 2005, 331 (7527): 1219–20 [2013-11-06]. PMC 1289307 . PMID 16308360. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1219. (原始内容存档于2009-02-22).
- Alternatives to Antibiotics Reduce Animal Disease. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. 9 Jan 2006 [2013-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2011-06-05).
参见
- 国际慎用抗生素联盟
- 抗菌洗手乳
- 克雷伯肺炎杆菌碳青霉烯酶KPC,K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (Class A),抗药性基因
- 广效抗生素
- 抗碳青霉烯类肠杆菌属
- 疾病动态、经济和政策中心
- 最后一线药物
- 多药耐受性
- 多重抗药性革兰氏阴性菌
- 新德里金属-β-内酰胺酶1(NDM-1),抗药性基因
- 杀虫剂抗药性
- 医院感染期刊(Journal of Hospital Infection)
外部链接
- Animation of Antibiotic Resistance (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- CDC Article on Hospital Acquired MRSA (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- CDC Article on Community Acquired MRSA (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- CDC Guideline "Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Healthcare Settings, 2006" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ReAct Action on Antibiotic Resistance (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics
- Louis Anthony (Tony) Cox, Douglas A. Popken. Quantifying Potential Human Health Impacts of Animal Antibiotic Use: Enrofloxacin and Macrolides in Chickens. Risk Analysis. 2006-02-01, 26 (1): 135–146 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1539-6924. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00723.x (英语).
- Information about phage therapy – a possible alternative to antibiotics in case of resistant infections
- Antibiotic-resistance genes as markers Once necessary, now undesirable
- CBS Article on Phage Therapy and Antibiotic Resistance
- Hospitals: Breeding the Superbug Article on MRSA infections in hospitals, Allianz Knowledge, by Valdis Wish, May 2008.
- BURDEN of Resistance and Disease in European Nations - An EU-Project to estimate the financial burden of antibiotic resistance in European Hospitals
- Extending the Cure: Policy Research to Extend Antibiotic Effectiveness (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 2003 New Guidance for Industry on Antimicrobial Drugs for Food Animals Questions and Answers, U.S. FDA
- SciDev.net Antibiotic Resistance spotlight (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The Science and Development Network is an online science and development network focused on news and information important to the developing world
- Do Bugs Need Drugs? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Combating Drug Resistance - Tackling drug resistance in bacteria and other pathogens.
- [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Nanoparticles could treat antibiotic resistant infections.
- 中国细菌耐药监测网的历年细菌耐药性监测报告 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)