高維代數
高維範疇
定義高維代數的第一步是高階範疇論中2-範疇的概念,以及二階範疇的更「幾何化」的概念。[1] [2][3]
更高級的概念因此定義為範疇的範疇,或稱為超範疇。這將範疇的標記推廣到高維——範疇被視為可以解釋抽象範疇基本理論(ETAC)的勞維爾公理的任何結構。[4][5][6][7]
因此,超範疇可被視作元範疇、[8]多範疇、多圖或有色圖。 超範疇的概念於1970年被首次提出,[9]隨後在理論物理(特別是量子場論和拓撲量子場論)、數理生物學及數理生物物理學中得到了應用。[10]
高維代數中的其他途徑涉及:弱2-範疇、弱2-範疇的同態、可變範疇(又稱索引或參數化範疇)、拓撲斯、增廣範疇 以及內範疇。
二維廣群
高維代數中,二維廣群是一維廣群的推廣,[11]後一種廣群可視為所有態射都可逆的特殊範疇。
二維廣群通常用來捕捉幾何對象的信息,如高維流形(或n維流形)。[11]一般來說,一個n維流形是在局部上像是n維歐幾里得空間的空間,而整體結構可能是非歐的。
1976年,羅納德·布朗在ref.[11] 中首先提出了二維廣群,並進一步發展了它在非阿貝爾代數拓撲中的應用。[12][13][14][15]與其相關的「雙」概念指的是二維李代數胚,以及更一般的R代數體概念。
非阿貝爾代數拓撲
應用
理論物理
在量子場論中有量子範疇[16][17][18]和量子二維廣群。[18]我們可以把量子二維廣群看作是通過2-函子定義的基本廣群,這樣就可由弱2-範疇Span(Groupoids)的視角思考量子基本廣群(QFGs)這一物理上有意義的情況,然後為流形和配邊構造2-希爾伯特空間和2-線性映射。下一步,我們將通過此類2-函子的自然變換來獲得帶角的配邊。於是有說法稱,在規範群SU(2)的作用下,「擴展的拓撲量子場論可以給出等同於量子引力的蓬扎諾-雷其模型的理論」;[18]相似地,圖拉耶夫-維羅模型也可以通過SUq(2)的表示得到。因此,我們可以用對稱性給出的變換廣群來描述規範理論——或者許多種量子場論(QFTs)及局域量子物理的狀態空間。例如,對於規範理論的情況,我們可以用作用於狀態的度規變換來描述狀態空間,在這種情況下狀態就是連接。在與量子群相關的對稱性的情況下,我們會得到量子廣群的表示範疇(representation category)的結構,[16]而非廣群的表示範疇的2-向量空間。
另見
參考文獻
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閱讀更多
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