開央不圓唇母音

開央不圓唇母音低央不圓唇母音母音的一種,用於一些口語當中。國際音標沒有特定的字母表示介於前音[a]和後音[ɑ]之間的母音,通常以a表示。若要加以嚴格區分,則使用附加符號標明,諸如央母音化的ä或音位偏後的,但並不通用。

開央不圓唇母音
ä
ɑ̈
ɐ̞
IPA編號304 415
編碼
HTML碼(十進制)a​̈
Unicode碼(十六進制)U+0061 U+0308
X-SAMPA音標a_"a_-A_"6_o
音頻範例

直至最近,字母a仍在非官方場合下用於央母音,並被大量用於現有語音學上的標示。因此常使用[a]表示央母音,並近似開前母音,若有必要,則使用[æ],非正式情況下當作次開母音。此外,漢語言學界會用非官方符號(小型大寫字母A)。國際語音學協會2011–2012年投票否決了這個非官方的音標符號。[1]

特徵

  • 圓唇度不圓唇母音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。

注釋

  1. ^ Keating (2012:245頁)

參考資料

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  • Hillenbrand, James M., American English: Southern Michigan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 121–126, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221 
  • Ikekeonwu, Clara, Igbo, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: 108–110, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1 
  • Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 
  • Keating, Patricia A., IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2012, 42 (2): 245 [2014-04-06], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000114, (原始內容存檔於2012-11-11), with only 15 of 30 members voting [by email], the vote was 8 in favor, 7 against. [...] With all 30 members of the Council voting [again six months later], the resolution was defeated: 17 no, 12 yes, 1 abstention. The IPA will therefore not be adding a symbol for this vowel to the alphabet or chart. 
  • Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles, The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, 2006, ISBN 3-11-016746-8 
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  • Okada, Hideo, Japanese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1991, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X 
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
  • Szende, Tamás, Hungarian, Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 1994, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090 
  • Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 
  • Verhoeven, Jo, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173 
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  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 

延伸閱讀

  • Barry, William; Trouvain, Jürgen, Do we need a symbol for a central open vowel?, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (3): 349–357