酪胺酸酶

酪胺酸酶
識別號
別名	；tyrosinasemonophenol oxygenasemonophenol oxidasemonophenolasemonophenoldihydroxy-L-phenylalanine oxygen oxidoreductasemonophenol monooxidasepolyaromatic oxidasemonophenol,L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductaseL-tyrosine monooxygenasemonophenol dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductaseN-acetyl-6-hydroxytryptophan oxidasetyrosine-dopa oxidasepolyphenolase
外部ID	GeneCards：[1]
直系同源
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	維基資料
檢視/編輯人類

酪胺酸酶（英語：Tyrosinase）是一種氧化酶，且是調控黑色素生成的限速酶。這種酶參與黑色素合成的兩個反應：第一步將單酚羥基化為二酚，第二步將鄰二酚氧化為鄰二醌。鄰二醌再經過幾步反應後就變為黑色素^[1]。酪胺酸酶是一種含銅的酶，存在於植物與動物組織中，催化生成由酪胺酸氧化而來的黑色素以及其它色素，如使剝皮或切片的馬鈴薯暴露在空氣中變黑^[2]。在皮膚黑素細胞的黑色素體中能發現酪胺酸酶。在人類基因組中，酪胺酸酶由 TYR 基因編碼^[3]。

臨床意義

基因突變會導致酪胺酸酶受損，從而引發I型眼皮膚型白化病（英語：oculocutaneous albinism），這是一種遺傳性疾病，發病率為兩萬分之一。^[4]

酪胺酸酶活性非常重要。如果在黑色素合成過程中酪胺酸酶活性無法控制，就會導致黑色素合成增加。降低酪胺酸酶活性已成為改善或預防與皮膚色素過度沉著有關的疾病，如黃褐斑和老人斑。^[5]

抑制劑

已知的酪胺酸酶抑制劑如下：^[6]

應用

在亞洲，淺膚色象徵著年輕漂亮。化妝品公司因而想辦法讓美白產品抑制酪胺酸酶活性，從而減少色素過度沉著，同時避免給健康的黑素細胞帶來細胞毒性（英語：hyperpigmentation）。^[7]

參考文獻

^ Kumar CM, Sathisha UV, Dharmesh S, Rao AG, Singh SA. Interaction of sesamol (3,4-methylenedioxyphenol) with tyrosinase and its effect on melanin synthesis. Biochimie. Mar 2011, 93 (3): 562–9. PMID 21144881. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.11.014.
^ Stevens LH, Davelaar E, Kolb RM, Pennings EJ, Smit NP. Tyrosine and cysteine are substrates for blackspot synthesis in potato. Phytochemistry. 1998, 49 (3): 703–707 [2019-03-04]. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00207-6. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-10）.
^ Barton DE, Kwon BS, Francke U. Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14----q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7. Genomics. Jul 1988, 3 (1): 17–24. PMID 3146546. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-X.
^ Witkop CJ. Albinism: hematologic-storage disease, susceptibility to skin cancer, and optic neuronal defects shared in all types of oculocutaneous and ocular albinism. The Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences. Oct 1979, 16 (4): 327–30. PMID 546241.
^ Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ. Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Apr 2007, 127 (4): 751–61. PMID 17218941. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700683  .
^ Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. December 2017, 32 (1): 403–425. PMC 6010116  . PMID 28097901. doi:10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882.
^ Qian, W., Liu, W., Zhu, D., Cao, Y., Tang, A., Gong, G., Su, H."Natural skin‑whitening compounds for the treatment of melanogenesis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.1 (2020): 173-185.

外部連結

[pmid21144881-1] Kumar CM, Sathisha UV, Dharmesh S, Rao AG, Singh SA. Interaction of sesamol (3,4-methylenedioxyphenol) with tyrosinase and its effect on melanin synthesis. Biochimie. Mar 2011, 93 (3): 562–9. PMID 21144881. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.11.014.

[2] Stevens LH, Davelaar E, Kolb RM, Pennings EJ, Smit NP. Tyrosine and cysteine are substrates for blackspot synthesis in potato. Phytochemistry. 1998, 49 (3): 703–707 [2019-03-04]. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00207-6. （原始內容存檔於2017-05-10）.

[pmid3146546-3] Barton DE, Kwon BS, Francke U. Human tyrosinase gene, mapped to chromosome 11 (q14----q21), defines second region of homology with mouse chromosome 7. Genomics. Jul 1988, 3 (1): 17–24. PMID 3146546. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(88)90153-X.

[pmid546241-4] Witkop CJ. Albinism: hematologic-storage disease, susceptibility to skin cancer, and optic neuronal defects shared in all types of oculocutaneous and ocular albinism. The Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences. Oct 1979, 16 (4): 327–30. PMID 546241.

[5] Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ. Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Apr 2007, 127 (4): 751–61. PMID 17218941. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700683  .

[6] Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. December 2017, 32 (1): 403–425. PMC 6010116  . PMID 28097901. doi:10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882.

[7] Qian, W., Liu, W., Zhu, D., Cao, Y., Tang, A., Gong, G., Su, H."Natural skin‑whitening compounds for the treatment of melanogenesis (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 20.1 (2020): 173-185.

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