石筆海膽

石筆海膽
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	棘皮動物門 Echinodermata
綱：	海膽綱 Echinoidea
目：	拱齒目 Camarodonta
科：	長海膽科 Echinometridae
屬：	真頭帕屬 Eucidaris
種：	石筆海膽 E. tribuloides
二名法
	Eucidaris tribuloides; (Lamarck, 1816)
異名
	Cidarites tribuloides; Cidaris tribuloides;

石筆海膽（學名Eucidaris tribuloides）是一種頭帕科海膽。其型態、發育及分子遺傳特徵都令它們成為一種有趣的物種。^[1]

分類

石筆海膽最初是由讓-巴普蒂斯特·拉馬克（Jean Baptiste Lamarck）所命名。^[2]

分佈及棲息地

石筆海膽分佈大西洋兩岸，由西邊的美國至巴西至東邊的茅利塔尼亞至加彭，位於大西洋洋中脊及整個加勒比海。^[3]在大西洋西邊，它們分佈北至哈特拉斯角（Cape Hatteras）^[4]及南至里約熱內盧。^[5]它們也有分佈在墨西哥灣的阿拉克蘭礁（Alacran Reef）。^[6]在大西洋東邊的維德角、幾內亞灣、亞速爾群島及阿森松島有石筆海膽變種的Eucidaris tribuloides var. africana出沒。^[7]

石筆海膽是夜間活動及底棲的。^[3]在日間，它們會用其大刺將自己牢牢的掛在石上或石縫間。它們很少會遠離自己的地方。^[3]夜間，它們主要吃珊瑚及海綿。^[8]

台灣南部珊瑚礁海岸偶可發現的石筆海膽，正處於瀕臨絕種危機。^[9]

繁殖

石筆海膽的繁殖對於季節轉變及月相都十分敏感。在佛羅里達礁島群，它們於夏末及初冬的繁殖率最高。^[3]在巴拿馬的群落則會於春天、夏天及冬天進行繁殖，約於滿月的時份達至最高峰。^[10]

參考

^ Schroeder, TE. Development of a 'primitive' sea urchin (Eucidaris tribuloides): irregularities in the hyaline layer, micromeres, and primary mesenchyme. Biol. Bull. (Marine Biological Laboratory). 1981, 161 (1): 141–51. doi:10.2307/1541114.
^ Lamarck J. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, présentant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, Tome 3. 1816: 56.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 McPherson, BF. Contributions to the biology of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine Science. 1968, 18: 400–43.
^ Cerame-Vivas, MJ and Gray IE. The distributional pattern of benthic invertebrates of the continental shelf off North Carolina. Ecology (Ecological Society of America). 1966, 47 (2): 260–70 [2010-12-05]. doi:10.2307/1933773. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-06）.
^ Bernasconi I. Equinoideos y asteroideos de la coleccion del Instituto Oceanografico de la Universidad de San Pablo. Bolm Inst. Oceanogr., S. Paulo. 1955, 6: 51–77.
^ Kornicker, LS, Bonet F, Cann R, and Hoskin CM. Alacran Reef, Campeche Bank, Mexico. Publs. Inst. Mar. Sci. 1959, 6: 1–22.
^ Mortensen, T. A monograph of the Echinoidea 1, Cidaroides. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel. 1928: 551.
^ Santos CP, Coutinho AB and Hajdu E. Spongivory by Eucidaris tribuloides from Salvador, Bahia (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 2002, 82: 295–7. doi:10.1017/S0025315402005477.
^ 順手牽膽鉛筆海膽瀕危. [2013-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.
^ Lessios H. Presence and absence of monthly reproductive rhythms among eight Caribbean echinoids off the coast of Panama. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1991, 153: 27–47. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(05)80004-8.

[Schroeder1981-1] Schroeder, TE. Development of a 'primitive' sea urchin (Eucidaris tribuloides): irregularities in the hyaline layer, micromeres, and primary mesenchyme. Biol. Bull. (Marine Biological Laboratory). 1981, 161 (1): 141–51. doi:10.2307/1541114.

[Lamarck1816-2] Lamarck J. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, présentant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, Tome 3. 1816: 56.

[McPherson1968-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 McPherson, BF. Contributions to the biology of the sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck). Bulletin of Marine Science. 1968, 18: 400–43.

[Cerame-vivas1966-4] Cerame-Vivas, MJ and Gray IE. The distributional pattern of benthic invertebrates of the continental shelf off North Carolina. Ecology (Ecological Society of America). 1966, 47 (2): 260–70 [2010-12-05]. doi:10.2307/1933773. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-06）.

[Bernasconi1955-5] Bernasconi I. Equinoideos y asteroideos de la coleccion del Instituto Oceanografico de la Universidad de San Pablo. Bolm Inst. Oceanogr., S. Paulo. 1955, 6: 51–77.

[Kornicker1959-6] Kornicker, LS, Bonet F, Cann R, and Hoskin CM. Alacran Reef, Campeche Bank, Mexico. Publs. Inst. Mar. Sci. 1959, 6: 1–22.

[Mortensen1928-7] Mortensen, T. A monograph of the Echinoidea 1, Cidaroides. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel. 1928: 551.

[Santos2002-8] Santos CP, Coutinho AB and Hajdu E. Spongivory by Eucidaris tribuloides from Salvador, Bahia (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 2002, 82: 295–7. doi:10.1017/S0025315402005477.

[9] 順手牽膽鉛筆海膽瀕危. [2013-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.

[Lessios1991-10] Lessios H. Presence and absence of monthly reproductive rhythms among eight Caribbean echinoids off the coast of Panama. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1991, 153: 27–47. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(05)80004-8.

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