新西班牙總督轄區
新西班牙總督轄區（西班牙語：Virreinato de Nueva España IPA：[birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]），是西班牙帝國管理北美洲和菲律賓的殖民地總督轄地，首府位於墨西哥城。新西班牙總督的管轄範圍包含今墨西哥、中美洲（除巴拿馬）、美國加利福尼亞州、內華達州、猶他州、科羅拉多州、亞利桑那州、新墨西哥州、德克薩斯州、今日加拿大英屬哥倫比亞的西南部，加上瓜地馬拉都督府（包括今日的瓜地馬拉、墨西哥恰帕斯州、貝里斯、哥斯大黎加、薩爾瓦多、宏都拉斯、尼加拉瓜）和古巴都督府（包含今日的古巴、墨西哥恰帕斯州、貝里斯、多明尼加、千里達及托巴哥、波多黎各和瓜地洛普），以及亞洲的菲律賓都督府（包含今日的菲律賓、關島、加羅林群島、馬里亞納群島、西屬艾爾摩莎和德那第蘇丹國）。
新西班牙總督轄區 Virreinato de Nueva España（西班牙語） | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 1521年—1821年 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 新西班牙首府墨西哥市的市徽
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| 格言：Plus Ultra（拉丁語） 通向更遠方 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 國歌：《皇家進行曲》 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
西班牙勃艮第十字旗 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 1795年，西班牙帝國殖民地最盛疆域。 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 地位 | 西班牙帝國之總督轄區 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 首都 | 墨西哥城 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 常用語言 | 西班牙語（官方） 其他語言：法語、納瓦特語、馬雅語、美洲原住民語言、菲律賓語、台灣原住民語言 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 宗教 | 羅馬天主教 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 政府 | 總督轄區 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 西班牙國王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1535－1556 | 卡洛斯一世 （首任） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1813－1821 | 費爾南多七世（末任） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 總督 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1535－1550 | 安東尼奧·德·門多薩（首任） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1821 | 胡安·奧多諾胡（行政長官） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 立法機構 | 印度議會 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 歷史時期 | 殖民時期 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 征服阿茲特克 | 1519–1521年 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 總督轄區成立 | 1521年 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1717年5月27日 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1739年 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 聖伊德方索條約 | 1800年10月1日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1819年2月22日 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 西班牙立憲革命廢止了新西班牙總督轄區 | 1820年5月31日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1821年1810年－ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 人口 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1519年 | 2000萬 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1810年 | 500到650萬 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 貨幣 | 西班牙殖民雷亞爾 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 今屬於 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1535年後，殖民地開始由新西班牙總督實行君權統治，總督由西班牙國王指派。首府設在墨西哥城。[1][2]
新西班牙的領土有些被其他歐洲強權奪取，有些獨立建國，而其核心區域則一直在西班牙統治下，直到1821年獨立成墨西哥第一帝國，該帝國解體後成為今日的墨西哥和中美洲。新西班牙的行政區劃高度在地化，其分區以氣候、地形、原住民人口密度進行劃分。墨西哥中部與南部原住民人口密度高，擁有複雜的社會、政治和經濟組織。墨西哥北部的原住民則是游牧或半游牧民族，本來無法發展成密集人口的社會。然而1540年代於薩卡特卡斯發現了銀礦後，開始湧入更多的定居人口。銀礦不只是新西班牙的經濟命脈，同時也是西班牙快速致富的關鍵，改變了全球經濟。新西班牙是菲律賓貿易在新世界的終點站，使得該地成為西班牙新世界帝國與亞洲帝國之間的重要連接點。
新西班牙王國與西班牙王位之間的關係
1521年，西班牙人征服了阿茲特克帝國後，建立了新西班牙王國這個新世界王國。由於伊莎貝拉一世資助了美洲的探險活動，因此新西班牙國王的頭銜屬於西班牙君主。[3][4]雖然新西班牙為西班牙的附屬地，然而名義上並非殖民地而是一個「王國」，其王位附屬在西班牙王位之下[5]。君主在海外領地中有至高無上的權力。
國王並不僅僅擁有統治權，還擁有所有權：對於美洲領地中的一切財產，國王擁有絕對的所有權；政治上則是獨攬大權的統治者。一切的特權、職位﹑經濟政治或宗教都是由國王掌控。[5]
新西班牙總督轄區1535年在新西班牙王國中建立。是西班牙第一個擁有的總督轄區，也是18世紀波旁改革前僅有的兩個總督轄區之一。
歷史
在1521年之前，西班牙尚未征服阿茲特克帝國時，西班牙人在加勒比海群島及其周邊地區進行的探險和拓荒，在政治上、戰略上、或甚至經濟上都不具重要性。然而西班牙人於這些在加勒比地區先行的探險、征服、拓墾和直轄統治，不但頗具成效，且深遠影響著周邊地區，例如墨西哥和秘魯。[6] 西班牙人所控制的中部美洲當地社會，比起他們在加勒比地區所遇見的社會更加複雜且富裕。對卡斯蒂利亞王權而言，既是重要的機會也是潛在的威脅，因為征服者不受王權約束，而獨自行動。這些中美洲當地社會提供了如同埃爾南·科爾特斯這樣的征服者自治的基礎，甚至從王權中獨立出來。
行政區劃
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相關條目
參考文獻
引用
- ^ Haring (1947)
- ^ Altman，Cline & Pescador (2003)
- ^ Haring (1947), pp. 7, 105
- ^ Liss (1975), p. 33
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Haring (1947), p. 7
- ^ Lockhart & Schwartz (1983), pp. 61-85
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外部連結
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