奧伊倫堡事件
奧伊倫堡事件被稱為「史上最大的同性戀緋聞」[1],此公眾爭議主要圍繞一系列指控有同性性行為的軍事審判和5次民事審判,以及隨之而來的誹謗審判,都是有關1907至1909年期間威廉二世內閣和隨行人員當中的主要人物。
問題集中在社會主義記者馬克西米利安·哈登指控德皇密友奧伊倫堡親王菲利普和庫諾·馮·毛奇存在性關係。指控和反控迅速成倍增加,而「里賓柏圓桌會議」一詞開始用來指代君王周圍的同性密友圈。
這件事得到廣泛宣傳,通常被認為是德意志帝國內最大的緋聞,並引發德國對同性戀的第一次重大公開討論,可與英國對奧斯卡·王爾德的審判相提並論。歷史學家將這件事的後續與德國外交政策的變化聯繫起來,而這些變化加劇了其軍事侵略性,並最終促成第一次世界大戰[2]。
參見
注釋
- ^ Hekma, Gert. Sodomy, Effeminacy, Identity: Mobilizations for Same-sexual Loves and Practices before the Second World War. The Ashgate Research Companion to Lesbian and Gay Activism. Routledge. 2015: 26. ISBN 978-1-315-61314-7.
- ^ Steakley, James D. (1989). "Iconography of a Scandal: Political Cartoons and the Eulenburg Affair in Wilhelmine Germany" Dubermann, Martin (ed.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming The Gay And Lesbian Past. New American Library. pp. 325–326.
參考資料和延伸閱讀
- Doktor, Frederik. Die Eulenburg-Affäre und die Genese des modernen Homosexualitätskonzepts. transcript Verlag. 2021. ISBN 978-3-8394-5356-8 (英語).
- Domeier, Norman. The Eulenburg Affair. A Cultural History of Politics in Imperial Germany (German History in Context 1), New York 2015, ISBN 978-1571139122.
- Domeier, Norman. "The homosexual scare and the masculinization of German politics before World War I." Central European History 47.4 (2014): 737-759.
- Duberman, Martin. Jews Queers Germans (Seven Stories Press, 2017).
- Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. (New York and London, Garland Publishing, 1990).
- Hull, Isabel V. The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918 (2004) excerpt (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Johansson, Warren and Percy, William A. Outing: Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. (Harrington Park Press, 1994).
- Massie, Robert K. Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the coming of the Great War (Random House, 1991) excerpt (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) see Dreadnought (book), popular history pp 663–679.
- Röhl, John. The Kaiser and his Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994)
- Röhl, John C. G; Sombart, Nicolaus (Editors) Kaiser Wilhelm II New Interpretations: The Corfu Papers, (Cambridge University Press, 1982).
- Young, Harry F. Maximilian Harden. Censor Germaniae: The Critic in Opposition from Bismarck to the Rise of Nazism (The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1959).
外部連結