基因水平轉移
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基因水平轉移(英語:horizontal gene transfer,縮寫:HGT)又稱水平基因轉殖、"橫向基因轉移"或基因側向轉移(lateral gene transfer,縮寫:LGT),指生物個體之間互相遺傳物質而通過生殖將其傳給子代的過程。基因水平轉移對於細菌的進化至關重要,但高等生物也會發生基因水平轉移[2][3]。
在細菌之中,基因水平轉移的常見途徑包括接合、轉導及轉化[4]。質體與溫和噬菌體是常見的細菌基因水平轉移的載體[5][6]。例如,在細菌獲得抗生素抗藥性過程中,抗藥性基因可通過基因水平轉移迅速在細菌之間傳播,最終使整個菌群快速獲得對抗生素的抗藥性[7][8][9][10]。
歷史
生物學史上的經典實驗之一的格里菲斯實驗中,無毒性的R型肺炎鏈球菌與高溫殺滅的有毒性的S型肺炎鏈球菌混合後注射入小鼠體內,R型肺炎鏈球菌會轉化成有毒性的S型肺炎鏈球菌將小鼠殺死。只是當時的人們尚不清楚這一現象是由基因水平轉移造成的,也不知道這一現象背後的機制就是R型肺炎鏈球菌攝取了S型肺炎鏈球菌的質體進而轉變成了S型肺炎鏈球菌[11][12]。
直到1951年,科學家才第一次真正發現基因水平轉移現象。當時,困擾醫學界的一個問題是,許多白喉患者很早就感染了病原體白喉棒桿菌但並不發病,而是在某一個時間節點後才突然發病。在對這一現象的研究過程中, 巴斯德研究所的安德列·利沃夫團隊發現這背後的原理是一個病毒基因轉入白喉棒桿菌後,弱毒性的白喉棒桿菌菌株會轉變成強毒性的菌株,因此使病人突然患上白喉[13]。安德列·利沃夫後來因為這項工作獲得了1965年的諾貝爾生理醫學獎[14]。1959年,科學家從不同物種的細菌之間傳遞抗生素抗藥性的過程中發現了細菌與細菌之間的基因水平轉移[15][16] 。
基因水平轉移生物
參考文獻
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