培奧尼亞

巴尔干半岛古国

培奧尼亞,又譯作皮奧尼亞(英語:Paeonia/pˈniə/希臘語Παιονία)曾是一個位於巴爾幹半島的歷史古國。對於它的邊界歷史記載不是很清晰,大體位於古馬其頓王國以北,位置於當今的馬其頓共和國境內,希臘的東北部的狹長區域,和保加利亞西南的一小部分。在史詩伊利亞特中記載,他們曾與特洛伊組成聯盟。在後來的波希戰爭中,他們子民被迫流亡亞洲。[1]

皮翁尼亞的部落
德里西亞王國旁的皮翁尼亞
皮翁尼亞和馬其頓王國

公元前335年-334年,馬其頓的腓力二世在培奧尼亞阿吉國王(King Agi)死後,對其發起了軍事行動,從而占領了其南部地區,並重新命名為「馬其頓的皮翁尼亞」,這一區域包括斯特魯米察[2]斯特納英語Stenae[3]安提哥尼亞英語Antigonia (Paeonia)[4]等等。

皮翁尼亞的原始準確邊界,就像它的原住民早期歷史一樣,已經無從考證, 可是可以確認的是它的位置在古代馬其頓王國的北部(與今希臘馬其頓地區大致相當)在達爾達尼亞東南方向(與今科索沃相當);在它的東面是色雷斯山脈,在西面則是伊利里亞人[5]皮翁尼亞被群山穿過,從達爾達尼亞分開,瓦爾達爾河(Vardar river)自斯庫皮(今史高比耶)地區流向Bylazora英語Bylazora(今韋萊斯)山谷。皮翁尼亞大致相當於現在的馬其頓共和國和希臘馬其頓大區北部的狹長地帶,與馬其頓共和國接壤,還有保加利亞西南部的一小部分。[6][7][8][9]

部落

皮翁尼亞的部落有:

起源

 
Paeonia as part of Epirus environs.

一些現代研究者認為皮翁尼亞人源自色雷斯人,[18],或者是色雷斯和伊利里亞人融合而來。[19]一些皮翁尼亞人的名字明顯是希臘化的[20],儘管對於他們之間的聯繫知之甚少。[21]語言學方面,僅有非常少的皮翁尼亞語詞彙保存了下來,同它的鄰近的語言——伊利里亞語色雷斯語存在不同的聯繫。[22]幾支東方的皮翁尼亞部落,包括阿格里安人英語Agrianes,顯然在色雷斯人的影響範圍之內。然而,根據民族傳說,[23]他們是從特洛伊來的特洛伊殖民者。荷馬[24]聲稱皮翁尼亞人來自瓦爾達爾河,同特洛伊人一起戰鬥,可是伊利亞特並沒有提到皮翁尼亞人同特洛伊人有親緣關係。荷馬把皮翁尼亞人的首領稱作皮里克米斯英語Pyraechmes(出身不明);在《伊利亞特》的第21卷,荷馬提到了第二個首領,佩拉岡英語Pelagon之子阿斯特羅派奧斯英語Asteropaeus

大流士一世統治以前, 他們已經向東探索到色雷斯佩林托斯,航行在普羅龐提斯海上。曾經整個米哥多尼亞英語Mygdonia,連同克列司托尼亞英語Crestonia,都屬於他們。當薛西斯一世穿過哈爾基季基半島前往塞爾馬(後來稱作薩洛尼卡),也就是說他的軍隊曾經經過了皮翁尼亞的領土。皮翁尼亞人占據了整個阿奇厄斯(Axios,瓦爾達爾河)山谷通往內地斯托比英語Stobi的路, 山谷的東面直通斯特魯馬河阿斯提比英語Astibus周圍的村莊以及同名河流,伴隨著河流世代統治。厄瑪西亞英語Emathia,大概是在阿利阿克蒙河和阿奇厄斯之間,曾經叫做皮翁尼亞;並且皮埃里亞培拉貢尼亞英語Pelagonia都屬於皮翁尼亞。由於馬其頓勢力的增長,在相鄰的色雷斯人的壓力下,他們的領土被大幅減少,在歷史上被限制於馬其頓北部,從伊利里亞到斯特拉蒙(Strymon)。

在希臘神話中, 皮翁尼亞人的族名源自皮翁英語Paeon (son of Endymion)恩底彌翁之子。[25][26]

 
Paeon's myth

皮翁尼亞王國

在早期, 主要城鎮和王畿在貝拉索拉英語Bylazora(今馬其頓共和國韋萊斯)在瓦爾達(Vardar);後來,遷都到了斯托比英語Stobi(近現代格拉茲科英語Gradsko, Republic of Macedonia)。[27]

前513年,大流士一世(521年-486年)把被征服的皮翁尼亞人編入波斯軍隊,在大量的準備工作以後,龐大的阿契美尼德軍隊入侵巴爾幹半島並且襲擊位於歐洲游牧在多瑙河以北的西徐亞人。大流士的軍隊征服了幾支色雷斯部落,以及黑海附近幾乎所有部落。[27][28]大流士一世邁加比佐斯征服巴爾幹。波斯軍隊征服了色雷斯沿海的希臘城邦,就像征服強大的皮翁尼亞一樣。[27][29][30]希波戰爭後的某個時期,皮翁尼亞的小邦合併成一個王國集中在中部和上游的瓦爾達爾河斯特魯馬河,相當於今天馬其頓共和國北部和保加利亞西部。他們聯合伊利里亞人一起襲擊馬其頓王國的北方。海盜文化的伊利里亞人,封鎖了海上的貿易路線。他們試圖攻占馬其頓北方,但是戰敗。前360-359年,南方的皮翁尼亞部落對馬其頓發動突襲[31]以支援伊利里亞人的入侵。

佩爾狄卡斯三世死後,馬其頓王室陷入混亂,可是他的兄弟腓力二世繼承了王位,開始改革軍隊, 繼續阻止伊利里亞人的入侵和皮翁尼亞人對馬其頓邊境的騷擾,腓力二世試圖保衛馬其頓的北部邊境。前358年,他延續了佩爾狄卡斯的成功在一場勝利之後,進入了皮翁尼亞的領地。[32][33][34][35][36][37]這使得皮翁尼亞王國(Agis (Paeonian)英語Agis (Paeonian)統治)變成了半自治國家,從屬地位, 這導致了皮翁尼亞的一場緩慢而正式的希臘化, 在腓力二世統治時期, 皮翁尼亞開始發行像馬其頓人那樣的希臘神話的硬幣。一支皮翁尼亞軍隊可能參加了亞歷山大大帝的遠征軍。

波斯入侵時候,斯特律蒙河下游的皮翁尼亞淪陷, 在他們的決心下保住了北部地區。皮翁尼亞王奧朵列昂英語Audoleon的女兒是伊庇魯斯皮洛士的妻子,並且亞歷山大大帝想把妹妹庫娜涅嫁給蘭加羅斯,後者曾向腓力二世示忠。亞歷山大大帝的母親奧林匹亞絲是伊庇魯斯部落莫洛西亞人英語Molossians的公主。一個友好的王朝延續了皮翁尼亞諸王的統治。

 
Kings of Paeonia
Main line
Others
  • Pigres of Paionia英語Pigres of Paionia: one of the two tyrant brothers which in 511 BC persuaded Darius I to deport the coastal Paeonians to Asia.[47]
  • Mantyes: one of the two tyrant brothers which in 511 BC persuaded Darius I to deport the coastal Paeonians to Asia.[47]
  • Dokidan: of the Derrones; reigned during the 6th century BC.
  • Dokim: of the Derrones; reigned during the 6th century BC.[48]
  • Euergetes: of the Derrones; reigned c. 480–465 BC, known only from his coinage.[49]
  • Teutaos: reigend from c. 450–435 BC; known only from his coinage.[50]
  • Bastareus英語Bastareus: reigned from c. 400–380/78 BC, known only from his coinage.[51]
  • Teutamado: reigned from 378 to 359 BC, known only from his coinage.[52]
  • Symnon: great ally of 腓力二世 (馬其頓) from 348 to 336 BC.[53]
  • Nicharchos: reigned from 335 to 323 BC; son of Symon.[53]
  • 蘭加羅斯: of the Agrianes; invaded the territory of the Autariatae in 335 BC in coalition with Alexander the Great.[54]
  • Dyplaios: of the Agrianes; reigend around 330 BC.[55]
  • Didas: allied Philip V of Macedon with 4,000 warriors from 215 to 197 BC.[48]

外國統治者

阿契美尼德王朝
色雷斯人
  • Sitalces英語Sitalces: included Agrianes and Laeaeans in his Macedonian campaign in 429 BC.[58]

文化

皮翁尼亞人包括幾個獨立部落,所有部落都在一個王的統治下團結起來。對他們的風俗習慣知之甚少。他們接受了狄俄倪索斯秘儀, 在他們中被稱為Dyalus 或者Dryalus,希羅多德提到色雷斯人和皮翁尼亞女性向阿耳忒彌斯(或許是本迪斯)祭祀。 他們崇拜太陽,以圓盤中的極點為表現形式。阿特納奧斯的一段記載似乎顯示了培奧尼亞語言英語Paeonian language密細亞語言英語Mysian language之間的親緣關係。[來源請求] 他們飲用大麥啤酒以及由植物和草藥混合的湯劑。這個國家盛產黃金和一種木頭(或者石頭,當接觸水時會迸發火焰)被稱作tanrivoc(或者tsarivos)。

衰落

前280年,布倫努斯英語Brennus (3rd century)帶領的高盧人入侵並蹂躪了皮翁尼亞人的土地,達爾達尼部落也入侵了這片土地,皮翁尼亞人除了聯合馬其頓人以外別無選擇。儘管他們共同禦敵,然而,皮翁尼亞和馬其頓人被擊敗了。皮翁尼亞再次統一,可是在前217年,馬其頓王腓力五世(前220-前179年)德米特里二世之子吞併了皮翁尼亞,並分成了達薩雷提亞皮翁尼亞兩個地區。僅僅70年後(前168年),羅馬軍團征服了馬其頓人,一個嶄新的更大的行省將被建立。皮翁尼亞周圍的Axios組成了新的馬其頓行省[59]幾個世紀後,在戴克里先領導下, 皮翁尼亞和佩拉宮尼亞英語Pelagonia組成了新的馬其頓行省,屬於伊利里亞大區

注釋

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  2. ^ 後來的Stromnitsa
  3. ^ 近現代代米爾卡皮亞
  4. ^ 近現代 內戈蒂諾
  5. ^ Strabo, "Geography", 7, Frg.4, 9.5.1
  6. ^ Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian. A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley and Sons. 2010: 13 [2020-01-05]. ISBN 1-4051-7936-8. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-16). 
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  8. ^ Reames, Jeanne. Howe, Timothy , 編. Macedonian Legacies. Regina Books. 2008: 239. ISBN 1930053568. Paeonia, roughly where the F.Y.R.O.M. is today. 
  9. ^ Ovid; Green, Peter. The Poems of Exile. University of California Press, 2005. 2005: 319. Ovid was lax in his geography, not least over Paeonia (in fact roughly coextensive with the present F.Y.R.O.M.). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Early symbolic systems for communication in Southeast Europe, Part 2 by Lolita Nikolova, ISBN 1-84171-334-1, 2003, page 529, "eastern Paionians (Agrianians and Laeaeans)"
  11. ^ The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides, Robert B. Strassler, Richard Crawley英語Richard Crawley, and Victor Davis Hanson, 1998, ISBN 0-684-82790-5, page 153,"... of them still live round Physcasb- and the Almopians from Almopia.
  12. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Martin Percival Charlesworth, ISBN 0-521-85073-8, ISBN 978-0-521-85073-5 Volume 4, Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, C. 525 to 479 B.C, John Boardman, page 252, "The Paeonians were the earlier owners of some of these mines, but after their defeat in the coastal sector they maintained their independence in the mainland and coined large denominations in the upper Strymon and the Upper Axius area in the names of the Laeaei and the Derrones"
  13. ^ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen and Thomas Heine Nielsen, 2005, ISBN 0-19-814099-1, page 854, ... Various tribes have occupied this part of Thrace: Bisaltians (lower Strymon valley), Odomantes (the plain to the north of the Strymon) ...
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  16. ^ The Histories (Penguin Classics) by Herodotus, John M. Marincola, and Aubery de Selincourt, ISBN 0-14-044908-6, 2003, page 452, "... Then he passed through the country of the Doberes and Paeoplae (Paeonian tribes living north of Pangaeum), and continued in a ..."
  17. ^ The Histories (Penguin Classics) by Herodotus, John M. Marincola, and Aubery de Selincourt, ISBN 0-14-044908-6, 2003, page 315, "... was that a number of Paeonian tribes - the Siriopaeones, Paeoplae, ..."
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  19. ^ See: Encyclopædia Britannica - online edition.
  20. ^ 如Lycceios, Ariston, Audoleon
  21. ^ 「The Ancient Kingdom of Paionia,」 Irwin L. Merker, Balkan Studies 6 (1965) 35)
  22. ^ Francesco Villari. Gli Indoeuropei e le origini dell'Europa. Il Mulino, 1997. ISBN 88-15-05708-0
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  24. ^ 伊利亞特, book II, line 848
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  29. ^ Howe & Reames 2008,第239頁.
  30. ^ Persian influence on Greece (2). [2014-12-17]. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-16). 
  31. ^ 西西里的狄奧多羅斯 XVI. 2.5
  32. ^ Sealey, Raphael. A History of the Greek City States, 700-338 B. C.. University of California Press. 1976-10-28: 442 [2020-01-05]. ISBN 978-0-520-03177-7. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-18) (英語). 
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  35. ^ Carol G. Thomas, Alexander the Great in his World, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006
  36. ^ Simon Hornblower, The Greek world, 479–323 BC, Routledge, 2002
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  39. ^ Patraus's coin
  40. ^ A Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins of the Ancients: From Circ. B. C. 700 to a. D. 1. (1895) by British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals, 2009, page 62: "... of Athena, facing. Bee. AYAnA EONTOZ. Horse. Wt. 193.4 grs. Patraus and his son Audoleon reigned over Paaonia between B.C. 340 ..."
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 Polyaenus: Stratagems - Book 4 (b). www.attalus.org. [2022-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2017-09-20). Lysimachus conducted Ariston, son of Autoleon, to his father's kingdom in Paeonia; under pretence that the royal youth might be acknowledged by his subjects, and treated with due respect. But as soon as he had bathed in the royal baths in the river Arisbus, and they had set before him an elegant banquet, according to the custom of his country, Lysimachus ordered his guards to arm. Ariston instantly mounted his horse and escaped to the land of the Dardani; and Lysimachus was left in possession of Paeonia. 
  42. ^ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Pausanias, Description of Greece Phocis and Ozolian Locri, 10.13.1, "A bronze head of the Paeonian bull called the bison was sent to Delphi by the Paeonian king Dropion, son of Leon."
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  45. ^ Patraeus's coin
  46. ^ A Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins of the Ancients: From Circ. B. C. 700 to a. D. 1. (1895) by British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals, 2009, page 62: "... Patraus and his son Audoleon reigned over Paaonia between B.C. 340 ..."
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  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 引用錯誤:沒有為名為bg.wikipedia.org的參考文獻提供內容
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  57. ^ Herodotus VII, 185
  58. ^ The unknown Paeonian world | martin kubelka - Academia.edu. academia.edu. [2014-10-15]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-22). 
  59. ^ Livy xiv. 29.

參考資料