药物用肾上腺素

药物用肾上腺素(英语:epinephrine,也称为英语:adrenaline),是一种药物和激素(即荷尔蒙)。[10][11]可用于治疗多种疾病,如过敏性休克心脏骤停气喘和浅层出血。[8]吸入形式的肾上腺素可改善哮吼症状。[12]当用其他药物治疗气喘无效时,可改用肾上腺素。[8]给药方式有静脉注射肌肉注射、吸入、皮下注射[8]鼻腔给药及眼药水给药。

Epinephrine
Skeletal formula of adrenaline
肾上腺素的键线式结构
Ball-and-stick model of epinephrine (adrenaline) molecule
肾上腺素的球棍模型[1]
临床资料
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureEpipen、Adrenaclick及其他
其他名称Epinephrine, adrenaline, adrenalin; 3,4,β-Trihydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa603002
核准状况
怀孕分级
  • : A
成瘾性None
给药途径静脉注射肌肉注射气管内管英语tracheal tube注射, 心内注射英语Intracardiac injection给药、鼻腔给药眼药水给药英语Ophthalmic drug administration
药物类别英语Drug class肾上腺素刺激剂拟交感神经药
ATC码
生理学数据
受体肾上腺素受体
药物代谢肾上腺能突触 (单胺氧化酶儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶)
法律规范状态
法律规范
药物动力学数据
血浆蛋白结合率15–20%[5][6]
药物代谢肾上腺能突触 (单胺氧化酶儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶)
代谢产物变肾上腺素 [7]
药效起始时间英语Onset of action迅速[8]
生物半衰期2分钟
作用时间Few minutes[9]
排泄途径尿
识别信息
  • (R)-4-(1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
CAS号51-43-4  checkY
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB配体ID
化学信息
化学式C9H13NO3
摩尔质量183.21 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
密度1.283±0.06 g/cm3 @ 20 °C, 760 Torr
  • CNC[C@H](O)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1
  • InChI=1S/C9H13NO3/c1-10-5-9(13)6-2-3-7(11)8(12)4-6/h2-4,9-13H,5H2,1H3/t9-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:UCTWMZQNUQWSLP-VIFPVBQESA-N checkY

使用后常见的副作用有颤抖、焦虑和出汗。[8]可能会出现心率加快和高血压[8]它有时可能会导致心律不整[8]虽然个体于怀孕和进行母乳哺育期间使用,对于胎儿,或是婴儿的安全性尚未确定,仍须权衡其潜在风险及对母亲的治疗效益后再决定是否给药。[8]

肾上腺素通常由人体肾上腺和大脑中的少量神经元产生,是种神经传导物质[10][13]它透过升高肌肉血流量、心脏泵血量、瞳孔扩大英语Pupillary response血糖,在战斗或逃跑反应中具有重要作用。[14][15]肾上腺素透过其对α-及β-肾上腺素受体的作用来实现此类功能。[15]许多动物和一些原生动物体内均会分泌此种物质,[16][17]但此药物历来系经合成方式生产,并非由动物器官萃取。[18]

日本科学家高峰让吉于1901年首次由动物器官分离出肾上腺素,人工合成肾上腺素首次于1904年出现。[19]此物质于1905年进入医疗用途。[20][21]它已纳入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中。[22]市面上有其通用名药物流通。[8]肾上腺素于2021年在美国最常使用处方药中排名第221,开立的处方笺数量超过100万张。[23][24]

医疗用途

 
浓度为1毫克/毫升的小瓶装肾上腺素。

肾上腺素用于治疗多种疾病,包括心脏骤停、过敏性休克和浅层出血。[25]史上肾上腺素曾被用于治疗支气管痉挛和低血糖,但现在更倾向于使用选择性作用于β2-肾上腺素受体的新型药物,例如沙丁胺醇,而沙丁胺醇具有起效迅速但作用时间相对较短的特点,而促使医药界进行开发作用时间较长的药物。[26]

心脏问题

虽然肾上腺素经常用于治疗心脏骤停,但尚未证明它能改善长期存活率或恢复后的脑功能。[27][28][29]然而此药物确实可提高自主循环再现(心脏停止之后再出现的持续心跳和呼吸活动)。[29][30]

过敏反应

肾上腺素是过敏性休克的唯一救命药物。[31]它适用于紧急治疗过敏反应,包括对刺痛、造影剂、药物或有过敏性休克反应史个体的过敏反应。有药效强度较低的产品可供儿童使用。[32][33][34][35]

肌肉注射虽然是一种常见的给药方式,但仍存在一些潜在风险:[36][37]

  • 注射深度差异: 每个人的皮下脂肪厚度不同,而可能导致针剂被错误注射到皮下组织,而非肌肉中。
  • 静脉注射风险: 如果注射角度或深度不正确,针剂可能误入静脉,导致不良反应。
  • 剂量错误: 使用错误浓度的药物会影响治疗效果,甚至造成伤害。

但肌肉注射仍比皮下注射具有以下优势:[38]

  • 药物吸收速度快: 肌肉组织的血流量较大,因此药物能更快被吸收进入血液循环。
  • 药物浓度高: 肌肉注射较皮下注射能提供更高的血药浓度。

有肾上腺素鼻喷剂(商品名Neffy)于2024年8月在美国获得批准,用于紧急治疗体重至少30公斤患者的过敏反应(I型),包括危及生命的过敏性休克。[2][31][39]Neffy是美国食品药物管理局(FDA)批准的首个用于治疗过敏性休克的鼻喷剂,[31]经由快速通道申请及核准,申请者为ARS Pharmaceuticals制药。[31]

Neffy鼻喷剂基于对175名无过敏性休克的健康成年人进行的四项研究,测量使用鼻喷剂或注射产品后的血药浓度。[31]研究结果显示使用鼻喷剂和注射产品之间的血药浓度相当。[31]使用鼻喷剂也显示与注射产品类似的血压和心率增加 - 两项皆为治疗过程中的关键作用。[31]一项对体重超过30公斤的儿童进行鼻喷剂的研究显示使用者的血药浓度与接受鼻喷剂的成人相似。[31]

使用Neffy最常见的副作用有喉咙不适、鼻子刺痛(鼻内感觉异常)、头痛、鼻部不适、出现紧张感、鼻腔刺痛感(感觉异常)、疲倦、震颤、流鼻水(鼻漏) 、鼻腔内发痒、打喷嚏腹痛、牙龈疼痛、口腔麻木、鼻塞、头晕、恶心呕吐[31]

哮喘

如果特定的β2-肾上腺素受体激动剂无法取得或是无效,肾上腺素也可用作气喘发作时的支气管扩张剂[40]

由于肾上腺素具有强大受体结合能力,在治疗气喘时使用高浓度药物会引发不良副作用。雾化肾上腺素对于急性哮喘的疗效尚未有明确的结论。[41]

哮吼

盐酸肾上腺素英语Racepinefrine一向用于治疗哮吼。[42][43]盐酸肾上腺素是两种对映异构肾上腺素的1:1混合物。[44]其中L-型(左旋)是活性成分。[44]盐酸肾上腺素透过刺激气道中的α-肾上腺素受体,导致黏膜血管收缩以减少喉下水肿,并透过刺激β-肾上腺素受体,松弛支气管平滑肌以发挥作用。[43]

支气管炎

关于吸入雾化肾上腺素是否有益于治疗支气管炎尚缺乏共识,大多数指引并未建议使用。[45]

局部麻醉剂

将肾上腺素与布比卡因利多卡因等局部麻醉药混合用于局部麻醉或脊髓鞘内注射时,可将麻木作用和运动阻断作用延长达一小时。[46]肾上腺素常与局部麻醉剂结合使用,但可能会引起恐慌发作。[47]

肾上腺素与古柯碱混合形成称为莫菲特溶液英语Moffett's solution的麻醉剂,用于耳、鼻、喉部手术(特别是鼻腔手术)。[48]

上呼吸道阻塞

带有水肿喘鸣的上呼吸道阻塞可用盐酸肾上腺素治疗。[49]

不良影响

使用肾上腺素产生的不良反应有心悸心搏过速、心律不整、焦虑、恐慌症、头痛、厌食、震颤、高血压。通常人们会使用含肾上腺素的眼药水以治疗青光眼,长期使用可能会导致肾上腺色素于结膜虹膜、晶体和视网膜中堆积。[50]

在极少数情况下,使用肾上腺素可能会导致心碎症候群英语Takotsubo cardiomyopathy结果。[51]

服用非选择性β受体阻断剂的个体同时使用肾上腺素可能会导致严重高血压,甚至是脑出血,因此禁用。[52]

作用机转

Physiologic responses by organ
器官 影响
心脏 增加心率、心肌收缩力及心房心室结传导速度
增加呼吸速率,支气管扩张
肝脏 促进肝糖分解
全身性 血管收缩与血管舒张
引发脂肪分解
肌肉收缩

肾上腺素透过与多种肾上腺素受体结合而发挥作用,它是所有肾上腺素受体的非选择性激动剂,包括主要亚型α1、α2、β1、β2和β3。[52]肾上腺素与这些受体的结合会引发一些代谢变化。与α-受体结合可抑制胰脏的胰岛素分泌,刺激肝脏和肌肉中的肝糖分解,[53]并抑制肌肉中胰岛素介导的肝糖生成[54][55]β-受体结合触发胰脏中的升糖素分泌,增加脑下垂体促肾上腺皮质素(ACTH)分泌,并增加脂肪组织分解英语lipolysis。这些作用共同增加血糖脂肪酸,为全身细胞内的能量提供基底。[55]心肌细胞膜上富含β2-肾上腺素受体,经肾上腺素介导,冠状动脉血管会为之舒张,扩大血液流量。[56]

肾上腺素作用透过α1-受体依赖性血管收缩而增加周边阻力,并透过与β1-受体结合增加心输出量。减少周边循环的目标是增加冠状动脉和脑灌注压,而增加细胞层面的氧交换。[57]虽然肾上腺素确实会增加主动脉、脑和颈动脉循环压力,但它会降低颈动脉血流量和呼气末二氧化碳(ETCO2) 水平。肾上腺素可改善大血管的血液流动,但可能会减少微血管的血液供应。[58]

化学

肾上腺素也称为3,4,β-三羟基-N-甲基苯乙胺,是苯乙胺衍生物儿茶酚胺衍生物。它是去甲肾上腺素的N-甲基化类似物(去甲肾上腺素;3,4,β-三羟基苯乙胺)和多巴胺的N-甲基化和β-羟基化类似物(3, 4-二羟基苯乙胺)。

历史

肾上腺萃取物首先由波兰生理学家拿破仑·赛布斯基英语Napoleon Cybulski于1895年完成,赛布斯基将之称为nadnerczyna,含有肾上腺素及儿茶酚胺。[59]美国眼科医生威廉·贝茨在1896年4月20日之前即发现肾上腺素在眼科手术中的用途。[60]日本化学家高峰让吉及其助手上中启三于1900年独立发现肾上腺素。[61][19]高峰让吉于1901年成功从羊和牛的肾上腺中分离及纯化出此种激素。[62]肾上腺素首次于1904年由德国化学家弗列德·斯托兹英语Friedrich Stolz英国化学家亨利·D·达金英语Henry Drysdale Dakin分别自行在实验室合成。[19]

社会与文化

名称

肾上腺素在国际非专有药名(INN)、和美国采用名称(USAN)中均称为epinephrine,在英国采用名称英语British Approved Name(BAN)则称为adrenaline。[63][64][65]

品牌

肾上腺素以各种品牌名称销售,如Asthmanefrin、Micronefrin、Neffy、Nephron、VapoNefrin 和Primatene Mist等。[64]

法律地位

欧洲药品管理局人用药品委员会英语Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use于2024年6月采用积极意见,建议授予药品Eurneff上市许可,用于紧急治疗因昆虫叮咬、食物、医疗产品和其他过敏原以及特发性或运动引起的过敏反应。[3][66][67]药品的申请者为ARS Pharmaceuticals IRL Limited。[3]Eurneffy于2024年8月获得欧盟核准用于医疗用途。[3][4]

给药方式

 
常见的一型便携式肾上腺素自动注射器(Epipen),它经常用于过敏性休克,心跳骤停等的急救。

肾上腺素的给药方式多种。于肌肉注射形式中,有厂商推出自动注射器输送装置英语epinephrine autoinjector

在美国有一种于1963年推出的定量肾上腺素吸入剂,作为非处方药出售,用于缓解个体的支气管气喘,[68][69]由Armstrong Pharmaceuticals制药出品。[70]

肾上腺素的常见浓度是2.25%重量/体积比的溶液(其中肾上腺素的剂量为22.5毫克/毫升),而浓度为1%的溶液通常作雾化吸入剂用途。[71][72]

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