精制谷物
精制谷物是指加工后其外层部位(麸皮、胚芽和颖壳)几乎被全部丢弃的谷物,因为此种谷物的营养成分主要在外层,而外层部位被丢弃后谷物只剩下内部的淀粉质部分[1],因此精制谷物的营养成分就比较单一,可持续性不如全谷。[2]包括白面包、谷粉、葛子和白米在内的谷物都是精制谷物[3]。经磨碎加工过的精炼谷物质地更细腻,并且具有较长的保质期[4][5]。20世纪初,随着美国越来越多的人食用精制谷物,也有越来越多的人缺乏营养(铁、硫胺、核黄素和烟酸)[6][7]。为了解决这个问题,美国国会于1942年通过一项法案,要求厂家在销售精制谷物之前必须将铁、烟碱酸、维生素B1和维生素B2添加到精制谷物中。1996年时又要求厂家必须在精制谷物中加入叶酸[6]。
参考文献
- ^ Marcus, Jacqueline B. (2013). "Chapter 4 - Carbohydrate Basics: Sugars, Starches and Fibers in Foods and Health: Healthy Carbohydrate Choices, Roles and Applications in Nutrition, Food Science and the Culinary Arts" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In Culinary Nutrition: The Science and Practice of Healthy Cooking. pp. 149-187. ISBN 978-0123918826
- ^ 孙丽红主编. 何裕民精准饮食抗癌智慧 生了肠癌怎么吃. 长沙: 湖南科学技术出版社. 2021: 41. ISBN 978-7-5710-1260-1.
- ^ "Grains" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). myplate.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ Poutanen, Kaisa S; Kårlund, Anna O; Gómez-Gallego, Carlos; Johansson, Daniel P; Scheers, Nathalie M; Marklinder, Ingela M; Eriksen, Anne K; Silventoinen, Pia C; Nordlund, Emilia Nordlund; Sozer, Nesli; Hanhineva, Kati J; Kolehmainen, Marjukka; Landberg, Rikard. Grains – a major source of sustainable protein for health. Nutrition Reviews. 2022, 80 (6): 1648–1663 [2023-08-10]. PMC 9086769 . PMID 34741520. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuab084 . (原始内容存档于2023-05-12).
- ^ "Whole Grains, Refined Grains, and Dietary Fiber" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). heart.org. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Sizer, Frances; Whitney, Ellie. (2013). Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies. Cengage Learning. pp. 125-126. ISBN 9781285785981
- ^ Edelstein, Sari. (2019). Food Science: An Ecological Approach. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 480-482. ISBN 9781284122305