笑

大笑是一种令人愉快的身体反应，通常由横膈膜和呼吸系统其他部分的有节奏的收缩组成。它是对某些外部或内部刺激的反应。笑声可能来自诸如被搔痒之类的活动^[1]，或来自接受到被认知为幽默的讯息^[2]。最常见的是，它被认为是许多积极情绪状态的听觉表达，例如喜悦、欢快、幸福或缓解。然而，在某些情况下，它可能是由相反的情绪状态引起的，例如尴尬、惊讶或困惑，例如紧张的笑声或出于礼貌的笑声。年龄、性别、教育、语言和文化都是衡量一个人在特定情况下是否会笑的指标^[3]。其他一些灵长类动物（如黑猩猩、大猩猩和红毛猩猩等）在身体接触（如摔跤、追逐游戏或挠痒痒）时会发出类似笑声的声音。

笑声是由大脑调节的人类行为的一部分，帮助人类阐明他们在社交互动中的意图，并为对话提供情感背景。笑声被用作成为团队成员的信号—它表示接受对方及与他人的积极互动。接收到来自他人的笑的讯号刺激，很可能也会导致该接收者做出类似的反应。^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

相关科学研究领域有笑理学等。

笑

不露齿的自然微笑

正在笑的女孩

笑的人一般是由于受到外界刺激而产生笑，笑的人通常心情能得到放松，减缓压力，而笑经常也能给别人带来快乐。应用在商业上，如服务员对顾客报以微笑，能给人留下温馨、深刻的印象，使顾客欢心，从而提高销售额。

好处

人体胸肌得到扩张，加强了肺部运动，促进肺部呼吸功能
腹肌得到运动，收缩舒张时促进了胃液的产生，增进消化功能，增强食欲，促进新陈代谢。
增加血管肌肉运动，加强血液循环，使人更有精神。
较激烈的笑能让全身肌肉运动，放松身体。
现代医学认为笑可以成为一种治病方式，治疗神经衰弱，减少/甚至消除肌肉的紧张，预防或减缓疼痛。
掩盖尴尬
形容自己有一个非常开心的感觉
加强友谊
无言的时候使用

坏处

医学认为高血压或心肌梗塞患者，过分激烈的笑对身体有害。

引起血压升高,导致缺氧，造成窒息而死亡。

科学解释

笑在大脑中的专门化信号是由哭转化出来的一种续发信号，喜极而泣正是这种说法的表现。婴儿在出生时就懂得哭泣却在之后的3—4个月内才会懂得笑，亦是同样的道理。

笑往往由出乎意料的事情或社交联系触发^[8]。

婴儿的笑

科学家发现在婴儿在大约四个月大还不会说话以前，即便是失聪或失明的婴儿喉咙就能发出笑声。起初只有懂得分辨母亲（或喂养者）的婴儿才会懂得笑，因为见到母亲（喂养者）令婴儿感到高兴。随后一切可信任或熟悉的人都会令婴儿高兴发笑。此时的婴儿却只会发出咯咯的笑声，而不会哈哈大笑。通常情况下只有在婴儿懂得刺激或危险与快乐并存时才会哈哈大笑（例如最常与婴儿做的‘虫虫飞’游戏，‘蒙脸’以及‘抛高’等游戏）。

笑声

在人类中有着多种多样的笑声，嘟哝、嗝嗝、嘻嘻、哈哈、呵呵、咳嗽声、打鼾声、鼻音、甚至与鸟叫声类似。科学认为不同的笑声代表着不同的含意，因此有了笑的分类。

科学发现男人低沉的笑声，频率约为43Hz（赫兹），女人尖锐的笑声竟达2083Hz（赫兹），她们尖锐的笑声甚至能使玻璃震碎^{[来源请求]}。更多人认为女人的笑声比男人更悦耳，科学家猜测这可能是女人已发展出了一套更大更丰富的声音系统。而且科学家还发现女人其实比男人更能笑且笑得更多。

笑声的含义

笑声除了表达快乐的感觉外，也是用来掩饰真实情绪的主要方式，例如当在团体生活的人类被同类在心理上被攻击时，受害者若无法逆转对自己不利的局面的话，他会以笑来掩饰对自己不利的气氛和情绪；部分人类在做对团体/其他个体不利的行为时，会透过笑产生的多巴胺来压抑令他感到不安/罪恶感的化学物质。

笑声录制的应用

情景喜剧、笑话类音频的在播放过程中会在笑料出现时配上预先录制的笑声，好像在提醒观众是时候笑了。如果去掉背景笑声，笑料未必会产生预料的有趣效果。根据发表在《Current Biology》的一项研究，科学家发现预先录制的笑声能让糟糕的笑话变得更有趣。研究人员招募了志愿者对糟糕的笑话进行评分，评分标准为1～7分，其中1分代表不好笑，7分代表非常好笑。研究人员挑选的笑话都是评分比较低的，但如果在朗读的时候配有预先录制的笑声，笑话的评分能得到提升。^[9]

在文章里的应用

各类文章的作者在需要表达角色当下的情绪时，常常使用‘呵呵’‘哈哈’‘嘻嘻’等拟声词。

笑的故事

在历史长河中以及文学作品中，留下许多有关于笑的故事。

《孟子·梁惠王上》里有这样一则成语故事：五十步笑百步，讲的是孟子用两军交战来向好战的梁惠王做比喻。说刚刚擂起战鼓，兵刃相交时就有士兵丢盔弃甲拖着兵器逃跑。有人跑了五十步停下，有人跑了一百步停下。跑了五十步的人则嘲笑跑了一百步的贪生怕死，却忘了自己虽然逃的没旁人远却也是逃了。

在成语中有关于笑的故事还有人笑亦笑等。

杜牧的诗《过华清宫》中写了：“长安回望绣成堆，山顶千门次第开。一骑红尘妃子笑，无人知是荔枝来。”是讲杨贵妃爱吃荔枝，唐玄宗为博得贵妃欢心，就派人从数千里外的南方用千里马运送回荔枝。

在诗、词句中关于笑的还有如苏轼的《蝶恋花》：“……墙里秋千墙外道，墙外行人墙里佳人笑……”。辛弃疾的《青玉案·元夕》：“……蛾儿雪柳黄金缕，笑语盈盈暗香去……”等。

参考网站

参考来源

^ Stearns, Frederic Rudolph. Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development. Springfield, Ill., Thomas. 1972: 59–65. ISBN 978-0398024208.
^ Shultz, T. R.; Horibe, F. Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes. Developmental Psychology. 1974, 10: 13–20. doi:10.1037/h0035549.
^ Olmwake, Louise. A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1937, 45 (6): 688–704. doi:10.1037/h0055199.
^ Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 – ISBN 0-691-01211-3 (pbk.) p. 18.
^ Blumer, Herbert. Society as Symbolic Interaction. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. 1998: 84 [1969]. ISBN 978-0-520-05676-3. group action is the collective action of such individuals ['who fit their respective lines of action to one another through the process of interpretation']...the individuals composing...the group become 'carriers,' or media for the expression of such forces; and the interpretative behavior by means of which people form their actions is merely a coerced link in the play of such forces.
^ Durkheim, Émile. Imitation. Suicide: A Study in Sociology [Étude de sociologie]. 由Spaulding, John A.; Simpson, George翻译. New York, NY: THE FREE PRESS. 1979: 125, 129 [1951]. ISBN 978-0-684-83632-4. Thus we yawn, laugh, weep, because we see someone yawn, laugh or weep...The name of imitation must then be reserved solely for such facts if it is to have clear meaning, and we shall say: Imitation exists when the immediate antecedent of an act is the representation of a like act, previously performed by someone else; with no explicit or implicit mental operation which bears upon the intrinsic nature of the act reproduced intervening between representation and execution.
^ Bergson, Henri. The Comic in General—The Comic Element in Forms and Movements—Expansive Force of the Comic. Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic. 由Brereton L. ES L., M.A., Cloudesley; Rothwell B.A., Fred翻译. Project Gutenberg. 26 July 2009 [1900] [2022-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-08）. Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, Listen to it carefully: it is not an articulate, clear, well-defined sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on for ever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one.
^ why do people laugh. [2014-09-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-12）.
^ 研究发现预先录制的笑声让笑话更有趣. 科技行者. [2019-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-01）.

[1] Stearns, Frederic Rudolph. Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development. Springfield, Ill., Thomas. 1972: 59–65. ISBN 978-0398024208.

[2] Shultz, T. R.; Horibe, F. Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes. Developmental Psychology. 1974, 10: 13–20. doi:10.1037/h0035549.

[3] Olmwake, Louise. A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology. 1937, 45 (6): 688–704. doi:10.1037/h0055199.

[4] Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau, Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11624-5 – ISBN 0-691-01211-3 (pbk.) p. 18.

[5] Blumer, Herbert. Society as Symbolic Interaction. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. 1998: 84 [1969]. ISBN 978-0-520-05676-3. group action is the collective action of such individuals ['who fit their respective lines of action to one another through the process of interpretation']...the individuals composing...the group become 'carriers,' or media for the expression of such forces; and the interpretative behavior by means of which people form their actions is merely a coerced link in the play of such forces.

[6] Durkheim, Émile. Imitation. Suicide: A Study in Sociology [Étude de sociologie]. 由Spaulding, John A.; Simpson, George翻译. New York, NY: THE FREE PRESS. 1979: 125, 129 [1951]. ISBN 978-0-684-83632-4. Thus we yawn, laugh, weep, because we see someone yawn, laugh or weep...The name of imitation must then be reserved solely for such facts if it is to have clear meaning, and we shall say: Imitation exists when the immediate antecedent of an act is the representation of a like act, previously performed by someone else; with no explicit or implicit mental operation which bears upon the intrinsic nature of the act reproduced intervening between representation and execution.

[7] Bergson, Henri. The Comic in General—The Comic Element in Forms and Movements—Expansive Force of the Comic. Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic. 由Brereton L. ES L., M.A., Cloudesley; Rothwell B.A., Fred翻译. Project Gutenberg. 26 July 2009 [1900] [2022-01-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-08）. Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, Listen to it carefully: it is not an articulate, clear, well-defined sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder in a mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on for ever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one.

[8] why do people laugh. [2014-09-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-12）.

[9] 研究发现预先录制的笑声让笑话更有趣. 科技行者. [2019-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-01）.

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笑

目录

笑

好处

坏处