生日效应

生日效应（英语：Birthday effect），当死亡对象的死因为自杀时又常称之为生日忧郁（英语：Birthday blues），是指在统计上人们的死亡几率在生日当天或接近生日时有所提高的现象。这个现象在英格兰和威尔士^[1]、瑞士^[2]^[3]、乌克兰^[4]，以及美国^[5]^[6]对大范围人口资料的研究中，到对美国职棒球员的小范围研究中都有被观察到。^[7]然而并不是在每项研究中都能发现到生日效应，所观察到生日效应的影响也不都相等；例如在某些研究中，男女在临近生日时的死亡率似乎不相等，^[5]而在其他的研究中却没有发现到显著的性别差异。^[8]^[9]

对于生日效应发生原因的猜想有：饮酒、心理压力增加、生日使绝症病患觉得死亡将近，或人体有着某种未知的一年会发生一次的生理循环等等。也有人认为生日效应仅是一种假象，可能是资料来源的参差不齐或“异常”所造成的，但却无法解释为何在那些已然控制着已知的资料“异常”的研究中也可以发现到生日效应。^[5]^[7]

参考文献

^ Anderson, M. Relationship between month of birth and month of death in the elderly. British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine. 1975, 29 (3): 151–156. PMC 478908  . PMID 1191883. doi:10.1136/jech.29.3.151.
^ Bovet, J; Spagnoli, J; Sudan, C. [Mortality and birthdays]. Sozial- und Präventivmedizin. 1997, 42 (3): 151–161. PMID 9334087. doi:10.1007/bf01300566 （法语）.
^ Ajdacic-Gross, Vladeta; et al. Death has a preference for birthdays—an analysis of death time series. Annals of Epidemiology. 2012, 22 (8): 603–606. PMID 22658822. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.04.016.
^ Vaiserman, Alexander; Grigoryev, Pavel; Belaya, Irina; Voitenko, Vladimir. Variation of mortality rate during the individual annual cycle. Biogerontology. 2003, 4 (4): 221–225 [2020-04-26]. PMID 14501186. doi:10.1023/A:1025168932058. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Phillips, David; Van Voorhees, Camilla; Ruth, Todd. The Birthday: Lifeline or Deadline?. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1992, 54 (5): 532–542. PMID 1438656. doi:10.1097/00006842-199209000-00001.
^ Peña, Pablo. A not so happy day after all: Excess death rates on birthdays in the U.S. Social Science & Medicine. 2015, 126: 59–66. PMID 25528555. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.014.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Abel, Ernest; Kruger, Michael. Mortality Salience of Birthdays on Day of Death in the Major Leagues. Death Studies. 2009, 33 (2): 175–184. PMID 19143110. doi:10.1080/07481180802138936.
^ Doblhammer, Gabrielle. Longevity and month of birth: Evidence from Austria and Denmark. Demographic Research. 1999, 1 (3): [22] p. PMID 12178151. doi:10.4054/DemRes.1999.1.3.
^ Medenwald, Daniel; Kuss, Oliver. Deaths and major biographical events: a study of all cancer deaths in Germany from 1995 to 2009. BMJ Open. 2014, 4 (4): e004423 [2020-04-26]. PMC 3987729  . PMID 24694623. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004423. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）.

[E&W-1] Anderson, M. Relationship between month of birth and month of death in the elderly. British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine. 1975, 29 (3): 151–156. PMC 478908  . PMID 1191883. doi:10.1136/jech.29.3.151.

[Swiss1992-2] Bovet, J; Spagnoli, J; Sudan, C. [Mortality and birthdays]. Sozial- und Präventivmedizin. 1997, 42 (3): 151–161. PMID 9334087. doi:10.1007/bf01300566 （法语）.

[Swiss2008-3] Ajdacic-Gross, Vladeta; et al. Death has a preference for birthdays—an analysis of death time series. Annals of Epidemiology. 2012, 22 (8): 603–606. PMID 22658822. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.04.016.

[Ukraine-4] Vaiserman, Alexander; Grigoryev, Pavel; Belaya, Irina; Voitenko, Vladimir. Variation of mortality rate during the individual annual cycle. Biogerontology. 2003, 4 (4): 221–225 [2020-04-26]. PMID 14501186. doi:10.1023/A:1025168932058. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27）.

[California-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Phillips, David; Van Voorhees, Camilla; Ruth, Todd. The Birthday: Lifeline or Deadline?. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1992, 54 (5): 532–542. PMID 1438656. doi:10.1097/00006842-199209000-00001.

[USA-6] Peña, Pablo. A not so happy day after all: Excess death rates on birthdays in the U.S. Social Science & Medicine. 2015, 126: 59–66. PMID 25528555. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.014.

[MLB-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Abel, Ernest; Kruger, Michael. Mortality Salience of Birthdays on Day of Death in the Major Leagues. Death Studies. 2009, 33 (2): 175–184. PMID 19143110. doi:10.1080/07481180802138936.

[Austria-8] Doblhammer, Gabrielle. Longevity and month of birth: Evidence from Austria and Denmark. Demographic Research. 1999, 1 (3): [22] p. PMID 12178151. doi:10.4054/DemRes.1999.1.3.

[Germany-9] Medenwald, Daniel; Kuss, Oliver. Deaths and major biographical events: a study of all cancer deaths in Germany from 1995 to 2009. BMJ Open. 2014, 4 (4): e004423 [2020-04-26]. PMC 3987729  . PMID 24694623. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004423. （原始内容存档于2020-11-24）.

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