原始犹他-阿兹特克语
原始犹他－阿兹特克语是犹他－阿兹特克语系的祖语。学界一般认为犹他－阿兹特克语系原乡在美墨边境地区，具体点说是在亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州的高地地区，以及相邻的墨西哥索诺拉省和奇瓦瓦省，大致对应索诺拉沙漠和奇瓦瓦沙漠西部。可能在约5000年前由中美洲北端的中石器时代的狩猎采集部落使用。
| 原始犹他－阿兹特克语 | |
|---|---|
| PUA | |
| 重建自 | 犹他－阿兹特克语系 |
| 区域 | 中美洲北端 |
| 时代 | 3000 BC |
| 下层重建 | |
原乡
构拟出的植物词汇能提供一些原始犹他－阿兹特克语的生态环境。Fowler将原始犹他－阿兹特克语定在亚利桑那中部，北部方言在内华达和莫哈韦沙漠，南部方言向南跨过泰皮曼走廊进入墨西哥。[1]努米语族的原乡曾被认为在加州南部的死亡谷附近，南犹他－阿兹特克语族的原乡则在索诺拉省沿海。[2]:137
一个相反的假说认为原始犹他－阿兹特克语的原乡在远得多的南方，在2001年首先由简·希尔提出，证据是她构拟出的原始犹他－阿兹特克语的一些与玉米有关的词汇。她的理论认为，假定的原始犹他－阿兹特克语使用者是中美洲玉米农民，逐渐向北迁徙途中也将玉米农业带走，时间大约在4500到3000年前。使用者地理分布的割裂对应语言联合体的破裂。[3][4]这个理论漏洞百出，犹他-阿兹特克语系研究者们没有广泛接受它。[5][6][7][8][9]:346-350通过计算机系统发育学，Wheeler & Whiteley (2014)[10]:113–125的研究也支持原始犹他－阿兹特克语的南方原乡，在历史上克拉族和部分纳瓦族占据的区域内或周边。纳瓦特尔语形成了Wheeler & Whiteley (2014)的犹他-阿兹特克语系系统发生树的基干部分。Merrill (2012)的农业相关词汇研究发现农业词汇只能构拟进南犹他－阿兹特克语族。这说明原始犹他－阿兹特克语社区尚未发展出农业，从北部进入中美洲后才发展出来。[11]
2014年David L. Shaul的更近的假说提供了支持原始犹他－阿兹特克语和加利福尼亚中部语言，如艾索伦语和约库赞语支间接触的证据。这使得Shaul认为原始犹他－阿兹特克语曾分布在加利福尼亚中央谷地，是古加利福尼亚语言联盟的一部分。[12]
音系
元音
原始犹他－阿兹特克语的元音不同寻常：*i *a *u *o *ɨ。Langacker (1970)证明第5个元音应该被拟作*ɨ，而不是*e，针对它的构拟存在长期争议。[13][14][2]:136
辅音
| 唇音 | 舌冠音 | 硬颚音 | 软腭音 | 唇化 软腭音 |
声门音 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 塞音 | *p | *t | *k | *kʷ | *ʔ | |
| 塞擦音 | *ts | |||||
| 擦音 | *s | *h | ||||
| 鼻音 | *m | *n | *ŋ | |||
| R音 | *r | |||||
| 半元音 | *j | *w |
*n和*ŋ可能实际上分别是*l和*n。
词汇
下面是部分Stubbs (2011)的原始犹他－阿兹特克词汇。[15]
- 缩写
- NUA=北犹他－阿兹特克语族
- SUA=南犹他－阿兹特克语族
| 词义 | 原始犹他－阿兹特克语 |
|---|---|
| 箭 | *huc(a) > *huC |
| 乳房 | *piCti(C) |
| 兀鹫、红头美洲鹫 | *wiLhukuN |
| 爪 | *siCtuN / *suCtuN |
| 烤 | *kwasïC / *kwasaC |
| 蟋蟀 | *tukaw-capaLa |
| 耳 | *nakka / *naNkapa (< *na(N)kasapa ?) |
| 目 | *pusi |
| 给 | *makaC |
| 手、臂 | *man > *ma |
| 头 | *mo’o；*ku / *ku’o |
| 心 | *suna > SUA *suLa |
| 重 | pïttï / *pïttiya / *pïttV’a |
| 脚踝 | *tanapiCko / *tamukpi’-(ko) |
| 角 | *awaC / *a’awaC |
| 屋、家 | *kanni (NUA) / *kaLi (SUA); *ki |
| 丈夫 | *kuNa / *kumCa / *kuCma |
| 肝 | *nïmaC / *nïmaN |
| 肺 | *somCo / *soNCa > *soŋo |
| 月 | *mïcaC (< *mancaL ?) |
| 母亲 | *yï’ï / *yïC / *yïk; *ya... |
| 口 | *tï’na > *tï’ni; *tï’nV-pa > *tï’n-pa > *tïmpa |
| 肚脐 | *sikuN / *sikʷuL |
| 脖 | *kuta / *kuLa |
| 不，非 | *ka / *kay |
| 鼻 | *yakaC / *ya’ka; *mupiC / *mukpiC |
| 棉尾兔 | *tapuC / *taput |
| 彩虹 | *ko(C)-samaLo |
| 路 | *poC / *po’ï / *powï |
| 石 | *tïmï-ta > *tïN-(pV) |
| 腐烂、脓、感染 | *piska / *pisVka |
| 盐 | *omCa / *oNCa > oŋa |
| 臭鼬 | *huppa; *po(C)ni |
| 天 | NUA *tukuN(-pa) > SUA *tVkpa |
| 睡 | *ïppïwi / *ïCpïCi / *pïwi; *koci |
| 雪 | *kïpa; *nïpa |
| 夏 | *taCcaC < *tattaC / *taCcaC |
| 日，一天 | *ta- |
| 尾 | *kwasi |
| 舌 | *Laŋu; *akoN |
| 齿 | *tamaC / *tamaN / *taman |
| 尿 | *si’i / *si’a |
| 水 | *pa / *pa’wi |
| 什么 | *han-ta / *hiCta / *hin-ta |
| 何时 | *ha-na-’oko |
| 谁 | *haka / *haki |
| 风、吹 | *hïka / *hïkawa / *hïkwa |
| 冬 | *tommo / *toCmo |
| 狼 | *cï’ï |
| 1 | *sïma’ / *sïmï’; *sïnu |
| 2 | *wakay / *wokay |
| 3 | *pakay |
参考
维基词典有份词表：原始犹他－阿兹特克语构拟词表
- ^ Fowler 1983.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Campbell 1997.
- ^ Hill 2001，[1].
- ^ Hill 2010，[2].
- ^ Kemp et al. 2010，[3].
- ^ Merrill et al. 2010，[4].
- ^ Brown 2010，[5].
- ^ Campbell 2003.
- ^ Campbell & Poser 2008.
- ^ Wheeler, W. C.; Whiteley, P. M. Historical linguistics as a sequence optimization problem: the evolution and biogeography of Uto‐Aztecan languages (PDF). Cladistics. 2014, 31 (2) [2021-08-20]. doi:10.1111/cla.12078. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-25）.
- ^ Merrill 2012.
- ^ Shaul 2014.
- ^ Langacker 1970，[6].
- ^ Dakin 1996，[7].
- ^ Stubbs, Brian D. 2011. Uto-Aztecan: A comparative vocabulary. Flower Mound, Texas: Shumway Family History Services.
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