足球类运动

足球类运动是一个团队运动的大种类，并在在不同程度上用脚踢球进入球门以达到目的。广义的“足球”一词（英语：Football (word)）被理解为指出该词出现在区域语境中最流行的足球形式。在某些地方，俗称“足球”的运动包括：英式足球（在一些国家用soccer）、烤盘足球（特别是美式橄榄球或加拿大式橄榄球）、澳式橄榄球、拉格比足球（或联盟式橄榄球或橄榄球）和盖尔式足球。^[1]^[2]这些不同的足球变化被称为足球原则。历史上可以看到各种形式的足球，通常是受欢迎的小农游戏。^[3]^[4]

各模式的足球，由上而下，由左至右分别为: 足球、澳式橄榄球、国际规则足球（英语：International rules football）、橄榄球争球，联盟式橄榄球、美式橄榄球。

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Contemporary codes of football can be traced back to English public school football games during the nineteenth century.^[3]^[4] The expanse of the British Empire allowed these rules of football to spread to areas of British influence outside of the directly controlled Empire.^[5] By the end of the nineteenth century, distinct regional codes were already developing: Gaelic football, for example, deliberately incorporated the rules of local traditional football games in order to maintain their heritage.^[6] In 1888, The Football League was founded in England, becoming the first of many professional football competitions. During the twentieth century, several of the various kinds of football grew to become some of the most popular team sports in the world.^[7]

足球模式板

足球	剑桥规则（英语：Cambridge rules） (1848–1863)	足球 (1863–)
			室内足球（英语：Indoor soccer）
			沙滩足球 (1992–)
			五人制足球 (1930–)
	雪菲尔规则（英语：Sheffield rules） (1857–1877)
			残疾人奥林匹克足球（英语：Paralympic football）
			街头足球
			联盟式橄榄球做轻微修改	美式橄榄球 (1869^[8]-)	夺旗式美式橄榄球, 室内美式橄榄球 (1987–)
	拉格比规则^[9]
			伯恩赛德规则（英语：Burnside rules）	加拿大式橄榄球 (1861–)	夺旗式美式橄榄球^[10]
			橄榄球 (1871–)
				七人制橄榄球 (1883–)
				联盟式橄榄球 (1895–)
					九人制联盟式橄榄球（英语：Rugby league nines）
					七人制联盟式橄榄球（英语：Rugby league sevens）
					触身式橄榄球（英语：Touch football (rugby league)）
	拉格比规则与其他英格兰学校游戏^[11]	澳式橄榄球 (1859–)			国际规则（英语：International rules football）(1967–)
	盖尔式 (1887–)

足球模式分支树

足球

剑桥规则 (1848-1863)

雪菲尔规则 (1857-1877)

Rugby rules

Rugby rules and other English public school games

英式足球 (1863-)

澳式橄榄球 (1859-)

盖尔式足球 (1887-)

Rugby union with minor modifications

加拿大式橄榄球(1861-)

橄榄球 (1871-)

Int'l Rules (1967-)

美式橄榄球 (1869-)

联盟式橄榄球 (1895-)

七人制橄榄球 (1883-)

夺旗式美式橄榄球

室内美式橄榄球(1987-)

夺旗式足球(加拿大式)

五人制足球 (1930-)

沙滩足球 (1992-)

Notes:

另见

足式高尔夫

注解

^ Reilly, Thomas; Gilbourne, D. Science and football: a review of applied research in the football code. Journal of Sports Science. 2003, 21: 693–705. doi:10.1080/0264041031000102105.
^ Editorial: Soccer – or should we say football – must change. 12 June 2014 [2017-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-09）. New Zealanders on the way to their local rugby grounds should still be talking of "going to the football"
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 History of Rugby in Australia. Rugby Football History. [11 January 2012]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-23）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Bailey, Steven. Living Sports History: Football at Winchester, Eton and Harrow. The Sports Historian. 1995, 15 (1): 34–53. doi:10.1080/17460269508551675.
^ Perkin, Harold. Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and commonwealth. The International Journal of the History of Sport. 1989, 6 (2): 145–155. doi:10.1080/09523368908713685.
^ Reilly, Thomas; Doran, D. Science and Gaelic football: A revie. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2001, 19 (3): 181–193. doi:10.1080/026404101750095330.
^ Bale, J. Sports Geography. Taylor & Francis. 2002: 43. ISBN 0-419-25230-4.
^ The first game of American football is widely cited as a game played on November 6, 1869, between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton. But the game was played under rules based on the association football rules of the time. During the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby code.
^ In 1845, the first rules of rugby were written by Rugby School pupils. But various rules of rugby had existed until the foundation of the 橄榄球联合会 in 1871.
^ There are Canadian rules [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） established by Football Canada. Apart from this, there are also rules [2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） established by IFAF.
^ 一些历史学家支持这一理论，主要的影响是橄榄球和英格兰公立学校产生的其他游戏。另一方面，也有历史学家支持澳大利亚规定足球和盖尔足球的理论有一些共同的起源。See Origins of Australian rules football.

参考资料

Eisenberg, Christiane and Pierre Lanfranchi, eds. (2006): Football History: International Perspectives; Special Issue, Historical Social Research 31, no. 1. 312 pages.
Green, Geoffrey (1953); The History of the Football Association; Naldrett Press, London
Mandelbaum, Michael (2004); The Meaning of Sports; Public Affairs, ISBN 1-58648-252-1
Williams, Graham (1994); The Code War; Yore Publications, ISBN 1-874427-65-8

[1] Reilly, Thomas; Gilbourne, D. Science and football: a review of applied research in the football code. Journal of Sports Science. 2003, 21: 693–705. doi:10.1080/0264041031000102105.

[2] Editorial: Soccer – or should we say football – must change. 12 June 2014 [2017-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-09）. New Zealanders on the way to their local rugby grounds should still be talking of "going to the football"

[#1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 History of Rugby in Australia. Rugby Football History. [11 January 2012]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-23）.

[#2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Bailey, Steven. Living Sports History: Football at Winchester, Eton and Harrow. The Sports Historian. 1995, 15 (1): 34–53. doi:10.1080/17460269508551675.

[5] Perkin, Harold. Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and commonwealth. The International Journal of the History of Sport. 1989, 6 (2): 145–155. doi:10.1080/09523368908713685.

[6] Reilly, Thomas; Doran, D. Science and Gaelic football: A revie. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2001, 19 (3): 181–193. doi:10.1080/026404101750095330.

[Bale-7] Bale, J. Sports Geography. Taylor & Francis. 2002: 43. ISBN 0-419-25230-4.

[8] The first game of American football is widely cited as a game played on November 6, 1869, between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton. But the game was played under rules based on the association football rules of the time. During the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby code.

[9] In 1845, the first rules of rugby were written by Rugby School pupils. But various rules of rugby had existed until the foundation of the 橄榄球联合会 in 1871.

[10] There are Canadian rules [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） established by Football Canada. Apart from this, there are also rules [2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） established by IFAF.

[11] 一些历史学家支持这一理论，主要的影响是橄榄球和英格兰公立学校产生的其他游戏。另一方面，也有历史学家支持澳大利亚规定足球和盖尔足球的理论有一些共同的起源。See Origins of Australian rules football.

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