玛拿西·本·以色列
玛拿西·本·以色列(Menasseh ben Israel;מנשה בן ישראל,1604年—1657年11月 20 日),缩写MB"Y或MBI,本名马诺埃尔·迪亚斯·索埃罗(Manoel Dias Soeiro),是伊比利亚拉比、卡巴拉学者、作家、外交官、印刷商、出版商。1626年,于阿姆斯特丹,创办第一台希伯来语印刷机(Emeth Meerets Tits)。
玛拿西·本·以色列 | |
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出生 | 1604年 法国拉罗谢尔 |
逝世 | 1657年11月20日 荷兰米德尔堡 | (52—53岁)
墓地 | 奥德科克安德阿姆斯特尔 |
职业 | 拉比 |
签名 | |
生平
1604年,玛拿西出生于拉罗谢尔[2] [3] [4] ,本名马诺埃尔·迪亚斯·索埃罗(Manoel Dias Soeiro)。1603年,因伊比利亚的宗教迫害,其父母离开葡萄牙。 1610 年,全家搬到荷兰。在八十年战争(1568-1648)期间,荷兰是宗教上抵抗西班牙天主教统治的要角。阿姆斯特丹成为当时欧洲犹太人的重要生活中心。 1610年,一家人抵达海牙,正值法英斡旋下荷西的十二年停战协议。在阿姆斯特丹,玛拿西师从摩西·拉斐尔·德·阿吉拉尔。
玛拿西不仅是拉比和作家,更作为印刷商,而声名鹊起。在荷兰,玛拿西创办了第一家希伯来语出版社。1632年,出版作品《调和者》(El Conciliador) [5],赢得声誉;该作试图调和希伯来圣经各部分中的明显差异。他旗下作者,包括弗西乌斯、格老秀斯、彼得·塞里乌斯、António Vieira和惠特等人。1638年,因为在阿姆斯特丹生计困难,玛拿西决定定居巴西。玛拿西可能考虑过荷兰殖民地累西腓,但没有选择那边。葡萄牙犹太企业家亚伯拉罕·佩雷拉兄弟的到来改善了玛拿西在荷兰的财务状况。佩雷拉兄弟聘请玛拿西管理他们在荷兰建立的学校(yeshibah)。 [6]
1644年,玛拿西遇到了葡萄牙旅行家安东尼奥·德·蒙特齐诺斯 。蒙特齐诺斯是曾到过新大陆的玛拉诺。蒙特齐诺斯说服玛拿西相信自己所见:南美安第斯山脉的印第安人是以色列失落的十支派后裔。因为犹太人布满世界咸认为是弥赛亚到来的标志,玛拿西的弥赛亚希望受此讯息鼓舞。1290年,犹太人在英国遭到驱逐,玛拿西努力让犹太人获准再次定居英国,从而加速弥赛亚到来。
随着英格兰共和国的建立,在对宗教自由日益增长的渴望,越来越多清教徒支持接纳犹太人;犹太人接纳议题提上政治议程。此外,弥赛亚和其他神秘主义流行英格兰。1650年,在阿姆斯特丹,玛拿西作品《以色列的希望》首次以拉丁文 ( Spes Israels ) 和西班牙文 ( Esperança de Israel ) 出版。[7] 该书回应1648年John Dury询问蒙特齐诺斯主张的信。该书除了报导蒙特齐诺斯的美洲犹太人观察外,还表达了犹太人返回英国的希望,以加速弥赛亚到来。玛拿西还强调了自身与议会的密切关系,解释犹太人与英格兰的友好关系,而不只是经济利益。 [8] [note 1]
1651年,玛拿西主动提出为瑞典女王克里斯蒂娜代理希伯来书籍。同年,玛拿西会见Oliver St John,执行其委托,确保英荷同盟,给予荷兰公民在英居留和工作权,从而使在荷犹太人一利均霑。英国人欣赏玛拿西的学识和礼仪,建议他正式申请犹太人重新进入英国。 [9] 1652 年,John Dury颓对将《以色列的希望》译成英文,在伦敦出版,献给议会和国务会议。[10] 玛拿西在新世界发现失落支派的故事,深刻影响英国大众。[11] 议员爱德华·史宾塞和学者摩西·沃尔(Moses Wall)激烈辩论玛拿西的千禧年主张,与犹太人皈依基督教。两人往返书信后收录《以色列的希望》再版中。 [8] 玛拿西为在英犹太人辩护道: [12]
由此可见,神并没有离开我们,神也没有离开我们。因为如果有人迫害我们,另一个人就会礼貌地接待我们;如果这个亲王对我们不好,另一位亲王就会对我们好;如果有人将我们驱逐出他的国家,另一人就会以千种特权邀请我们;正如意大利的众多王子、丹麦最杰出的国王和尼斯强大的萨伏依公爵所做的那样。难道我们没有看到那些接纳犹太人的共和国确实繁荣昌盛吗?
Hence it may be seen that God hath not left us; for if one persecutes us, another receives us civilly and courteously; and if this prince treats us ill, another treats us well; if one banisheth us out of his country, another invites us with a thousand privileges; as divers princes of Italy have done, the most eminent King of Denmark, and the mighty Duke of Savoy in Nissa. And do we not see that those Republiques do flourish and much increase in trade who admit the Israelites?
鉴于犹太人对英国商业的益处,克伦威尔同情犹太人。此时,英国给予犹太人在苏里南殖民地的全部权利。
1655年11月,玛拿西抵达伦敦。在离开荷兰期间,阿姆斯特丹拉比将其学生斯宾诺莎逐出犹太公会。在伦敦,玛拿西发表了他的《致护国公的拙见》(Humble Addresses to the Lord Protector) ,另一方面,William Prynne出版《简短的抗议》(Short Demurrer) 反对。同年12月,克伦威尔召开了白厅会议。
白厅会议仅确认无法令限制犹太人在英居住。 [note 2] 当William Prynne等反对派攻击犹太人时,玛拿西出版《为犹太人辩护》(Vindiciae judaeorum, 1656)回应。
白厅会议后,玛拿西·本·以色列在英国待了近两年。在此期间,他试图获得犹太人在英居住的书面许可,结识许多英国千禧年主义人士,但未果。 [14]
死亡与埋葬
1657 年 2 月,克伦威尔授予玛拿西·本·以色列国家养老金,但他在享受这笔养老金前,1657年冬,荷兰米德尔堡,玛拿西先已去世(5418年基斯流月14日)。时,玛拿西正将儿子撒母耳的尸体运回家埋葬。 [15]
参见
参考
脚注
- ^ Hope of Israel was translated into English by Moses Wall, a millenarian and friend of Milton. Wall both supported the book's millennial themes and believed in God's special favour for the Jews, which he based on the writings of Thomas Brightman.[8]
- ^ John Evelyn's diary entry for 14 December 1655.
I visited Mr. Hobbes, the famous philosopher of Malmesbury, with who I had been long acquainted in France.
Now were the Jews admitted.[13]
注脚
- ^ Cecil Roth published a massive biography of Menasseh ben Israel (Roth, 1934), where this etching is also printed. However, in his 1970 entry on MbI for the Encyclopedia Judaica (see Roth, 2007, below; Roth was editor in chief of the first edition of that encyclopedia in 1970) he wrote:
- ^ Cardozo de Bethencourt, « Lettres de Menasseh ben Israël à Isaac Vossius (1651-1655) », Revue des études juives, n. 49-97, 1904, p. 98. He relies on the Amsterdam City Archives, where the marriage certificate of Menasseh ben Israel of 15 August 1623 is deposited (D. T. en B. 669, t° 95 vo).
- ^ Bethencourt is cited in the Jewish Encyclopedia′s biography of Menasseh ben Israel (online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)).
- ^ Other sources give Lisbon () or Madeira Island () as a birthplace.
- ^ Menasseh Ben Israel. El Conciliador (The Conciliator). Amsterdam, 1632. Reprinted in The Conciliator of R. Manasseh Ben Israel: A Reconcilement of the Apparent Contradictions in Holy Scripture: To Which Are Added Explanatory Notes, and Biographical Notices of the Quoted Authorities. Translated by Elias Hiam Lindo. London, 1842. Reprinted by, e.g., Nabu Press, 2010. ISBN 1148567577.
- ^ For the economic ties binding Manasseh Ben Israel's intellectual activities to the mercantile activities of the brothers Pereyra throughout the entire period, see Roth, Cecil. A Life of Manasseh Ben Israel, Rabbi, Printer, and Diplomat. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. 1934: 62–63 and 316–317.; and Méchoulan, Henry; Nahon, Gérard (编). Menasseh Ben Israel: The Hope of Israel. The English translation by Moses Wall, 1652. New York: Oxford University Press. 1987: 40 and 70.
- ^ Those were the two initial main languages used by Menasseh when addressing the general Christian public in Europe. The full title of the Latin edition was Mikveh Israel, hoc est Spes Israelis. The Hebrew part of this full Latin name is taken from Jeremiah 14:8, as Menasseh explains in the introduction to the Spanish version. The English version was first published by Moses Wall in London only in 1652.Cf. Méchoulan and Nahon, op. cit., pp. 60-62.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Crome, Andrew (2014). The Restoration of the Jews: Early Modern Hermeneutics, Eschatology, and National Identity in the Works of Thomas Brightman. Springer. ISBN 9783319047614. p.192-194
- ^ Sachar, Howard M. (1994). Farewell Espana: The World of the Sephardim Remembered p.313. Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 9780804150538
- ^ Lucien Wolf (ed.), Manasseh ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell (London 1901)
- ^ Wilensky, M. The Royalist Position concerning the Readmission of Jews to England. The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Series. 1951, 41 (4): 397–409. JSTOR 1453207. doi:10.2307/1453207.
- ^ Manasseh ben Israel, 'The Hope of Israel' (London 1652), printed in Lucien Wolf (ed.), Manasseh ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell (London 1901), p.50-51.Noted in Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, p.246
- ^ The diary of John Evelyn ed. Bray, William. (1901). Archive.org p.307
- ^ Katz, David S. (1989). Menasseh Ben Israel's Christian Connection: Henry Jessey and the Jews pps. 117-119 in eds. Kaplan, Yosef; Popkin, Richard Henry; Mechoulan, Henry Menasseh Ben Israel and His World, BRILL, ISBN 9789004091146
- ^ Graetz, Heinrich (2009). History of the Jews: From the Chmielnicki Persecution of the Jews in Poland (1648 C. E.) to the Period of Emancipation in Cent. Cosimo. ISBN 9781605209494. p. 49.
- ^ Palache, Samuel (archive card number 15226). Dutch Jewry. [30 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25).
- ^ Begraafplaats Ouderkerk a/d Amstel - Menasseh Ben Israel. Dutch Jewry. [8 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-17).
外部链接
- Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) entry on Menasseh Ben Israel by Joseph Jacobs
- Encyclopaedia Judaica (2007) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) entry on "Manasseh (Menasseh) Ben Israel" by Cecil Roth and A.K. Offenberg (2nd ed.)
- Digital collection of books and letters related to Menasseh Ben Israel (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Short biography of Menasseh Ben Israel (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Hope of Israel (Vilnius, 1836 in the original Hebrew text) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) online at Hebrewbooks.org
- Manasseh ben Israel as a printer Rare Books of the Shimeon Brisman Collection in Jewish Studies, Washington University
- Rabbi Menashe Ben Israel: The Chacham Who Opened England to Jews (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Rabbi Menachem Levine