摄龟属
摄龟属(Cyclemys),或称齿缘摄龟属、亚洲叶龟,是地龟科下的一个属。该属的龟都是淡水龟,常见于南亚及东南亚地区,现有7种。
摄龟属 | |
---|---|
印度尼西亚爪哇岛的一只幼年齿缘摄龟 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 爬行纲 Reptilia |
目: | 龟鳖目 Testudines |
亚目: | 曲颈龟亚目 Cryptodira |
科: | 地龟科 Geoemydidae |
亚科: | 地龟亚科 Geoemydinae |
属: | 摄龟属 Cyclemys Bell,1834 |
模式种 | |
Cyclemys orbiculata Bell,1834
| |
种 | |
7,见文内 | |
摄龟属龟类的分布。[1] | |
异名 | |
|
命名
摄龟属位于地龟科下的地龟亚科中,是由英国动物学家贝尔在1834年首次描述的。[2][3] 摄龟属及其近缘属(闭壳龟属、锯缘摄龟属和果龟属)被认为都有同样的东方龟属祖先。[4][5][6]
因为各个种之间太过相似,摄龟属的分类和种系发生曾经一时纠缠不清。[7] 很久之后才得出该属在形态学上只有齿缘摄龟和欧氏摄龟这两个可分辨的类型。[1][8] 再后来才将该属扩充到有7个种,不过这之中仍有争议,譬如白舌摄龟、黑桥摄龟和美丽摄龟的名称合法性还存在争议。[1][9][10]
根据线粒体DNA测序,之前确定的条颈摄龟(Cyclemys tcheponensis)和缅甸摄龟(Cyclemys shanensis)都已被合并到欧氏摄龟之下。而其原来所描述的形态学差异并不足以将之划分为两个不同的种。[1] 其他一些旧种也做了移动调整。
摄龟属归类的区分主要取决于其胸甲的颜色:美丽摄龟、黑桥摄龟、齿缘摄龟的胸甲都是黄色的,而白舌摄龟、灰舌摄龟、印度摄龟、欧氏摄龟则是黑的。[1]
摄龟属的属名Cyclemys来自于希腊语κύκλος(意为“圆”或者“周期”,指的是它们的龟壳)和εμύς(意为“淡水龟”)。[11] 英语中常称Asian leaf turtles(亚洲叶龟)或leaf turtles(叶龟),原因就是它们的壳外表与树叶相似。不过地龟属、拟水龟科的安南龟及其他龟类也有称叶龟的。[11][12]
描述
摄龟属的龟可以依靠其壳的圆与否来区分,其壳的颜色也有深绿、浅褐和橄榄等诸多色彩。齿缘状的腹侧盾板常见于接近成年的摄龟身上,成年龟只有身体后半部分的盾板才有齿缘。[13]
成年摄龟的前后两部分胸甲会弥合在一起,但不像其亲缘闭壳龟属那样,[14] 摄龟的胸甲弥合并不完全。[6][15] 这一构造可能有助于成年雌性龟产卵。[12] 这一属最明显的特征之一也就是弥合不完全导致的腹侧生出附加的小型三角盾板。[16]
摄龟属属于曲颈龟亚目,可以将脖颈直接缩回壳内。有些种类的头部有红或橙色条纹,有些则没有,其胸甲有从中心向四周辐射出的细线。[13] 其足有蹼,适于两栖,摄龟可以长到25厘米(9.8英寸)长。[11]
摄龟属的龟在7至12岁时性成熟,雄性要早于雌性。[13][17] 两性异形在摄龟身上体现得十分明显。[1][18] 雌性通常一次会产下10至15枚卵。[12]
分布与习性
摄龟属下各种龟的具体分布尚不明确,不过其总体常见于南亚及东南亚国家。[1]
成年的摄龟大多数时间都生活在陆地上,出没于池塘、溪流和其他山地丛林的慢流的浅水附近。[11][12] 它们常见于低海拔地区,不过即使海拔1,000米(3,300英尺)以上的地区也有其踪迹。[21]
摄龟属的龟是杂食动物,[22] 接近成年的个体更偏爱肉食,而又因其偏爱的多是水生生物,故而幼年个体更常见于水中。[11]
种
摄龟属的各个种依靠成年体的特征和已知的地理分布来区分。[23] 在形态学上主要可分为两大类。[1]
黄腹种
- 黑桥摄龟(Cyclemys atripons Iverson & McCold, 1997):背壳浅红褐色、椭圆至瘦长、可能有辐射状黑色图案。胸甲大多都是黄色的,可能有辐射状黑色图案。头部有斑点,咽部呈黄色。脖颈有条纹。其通用名“黑桥”指的是其胸甲和背壳连接处有黑色条纹或纯黑色的弯曲部分(“桥”)。[1][12][24] 出现于柬埔寨、泰国南部和越南。[10]
- 齿缘摄龟(Cyclemys dentata Gray, 1831):背壳深褐色、可能有辐射状黑色图案。胸甲大部分是黄色的、可能有辐射状黑色图案。头部有斑点,咽部有深黄色条纹。脖颈有条纹。“桥”部呈黄色,可能有辐射状黑色图案。[1] 在宠物市场上,齿缘摄龟是最受欢迎的一种摄龟。发现于孟加拉国、[25] 汶莱、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾、[26]新加坡、印度北部和泰国。[27]
- 美丽摄龟(Cyclemys pulchristiata Fritz, Gaulke, and Lehr 1997):背壳浅红褐色、椭圆至瘦长、可能有辐射状黑色图案。胸甲大多都是黄色的,可能有短粗的线条。头部有斑点,咽部呈黄色。脖颈有条纹。“桥”部呈黄色,有黑色条纹,也有呈纯黑色的个体。与黑桥摄龟极为相似,需要用基因采样才能具体确定。[1][24] 发现于柬埔寨和越南。[1][24]
黑腹种
- 白舌摄龟(Cyclemys enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink & Hundsdörfer, 2008):背壳深黑色或稍微发红、椭圆形,成年体没有图案。胸甲深褐色或黑色,可能有密集的黑色辐射状图案。头部可能是日晒色或者微发红的褐色,咽部和脖颈都是深色的。“桥”部深褐色或黑色。[1] 其分布区与齿缘摄龟重叠。[29][30]
- 灰舌摄龟(Cyclemys fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink & Hundsdörfer, 2008):背壳深黑色、椭圆形,成年体没有图案。胸甲深褐色或黑色,可能有密集的黑色辐射状图案。头部浅黄绿色,咽部和脖颈都是深色的。“桥”部深褐色或黑色。[1][16] 发现于缅甸,也可能存在于附近的印度和孟加拉国地区。[31]
保护现状
摄龟属的龟常备捕捉作为宠物、食物或用作传统医药材料。[34] 2007年5月,中华人民共和国广东省阳江市查处了藏有超过3000只摄龟以及闭壳龟的条板箱。[35]
因为命名混乱和区分不易,IUCN的评定工作也不易展开。[8] 1991年,IUCN给出的评价是需要一定的保护。[36] 现在该属龟类的评级工作仍未完成。[13][21]
其被列为《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录二的物种,被限制出口及贸易。
参考资料
- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Fritz, U., Guicking, D., Auer, M., Sommer, R. S., Wink, M. and Hundsdörfer, A. K. (2008), Diversity of the Southeast Asian leaf turtle genus Cyclemys: how many leaves on its tree of life? (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Zoologica Scripta, 37: 367–390. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00332.x
- ^ Gray, John Edward. Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Order of the Trustees, British Museum (Natural History). 1855.
- ^ Fritz, Uwe; Nowak-Kemp, Malgosia. Chelonian type specimens at the Oxford University Museum (PDF). Zootaxa (Magnolia Press). 2010, 1 (19) [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-16).
- ^ Honda, Masanao; Yasukawa, Yuichirou; Hirayama, Ren; Ota, Hidetoshi. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Asian Box Turtles of the Genus Cuora sensu lato (Reptilia: Bataguridae) inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences (PDF). Zoological Science (Zoological Society of Japan). 2002, 19 (11): 1305–1312 [March 28, 2011]. PMID 12499674. doi:10.2108/zsj.19.1305. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-19).
- ^ Zhang, Yanyun; Nie, Liuwang; Huang, Yuqing; Pu, Youquang; Zhang, Li. The Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Comparison Studies of Four Hinged Turtles and its Phylogentic Significance of the Genus Cuora Sensu Lato (Testudinata: Geoemydidae) (PDF). Genes and Genomics (The Genetics Society of Korea). 2009, 31 (5): 349–359 [March 29, 2011]. doi:10.1007/BF03191253.[永久失效链接]
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Bramble, Dennis M. Emydid Shell Kinesis: Biomechanics and Evolution. Copeia (American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists). 1974, 1974 (3). JSTOR 1442685.
- ^ Fritz, Uwe; Fritz, UWE. Historical DNA from museum type specimens clarifies diversity of Asian leaf turtles (Cyclemys). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (The Linnean Society of London). 2008, 94 (1): 131–141. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00966.x.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Asian Turtle Trade Working Group 2000. Cyclemys dentata (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Version 2010.4. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
- ^ Artner, H. The World's Extant Turtle Species (PDF). Emys (Chelonia 2002 - Turtle Center). 2008, 15 (3) [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-09-12). 外部链接存在于
|publisher=
(帮助) - ^ 10.0 10.1 Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob; Hosek, Jiri. Cyclemys atripons Iverson & McCord, 1997. The Reptile Database. [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-18).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Tabaka, Chris; Senneke, Darrell. Genus: Cyclemys (Asian Leaf Turtles). World Chelonian Trust. January 28, 2003 [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-09).
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Franklin, Carl J. Turtles: An Extraordinary Natural History 245 Million Years in the Making. Voyageur Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7603-2981-8.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Melstrom, Keegan. Dr. Kenneth Angielczyk , 编. Cyclemys dentata (Gray, 1831). Encyclopedia of Life. November 17, 2009 [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-21).
- ^ Dodd, C. Kenneth. North American Box Turtles: A Natural History. Animal Natural History. University of Oklahoma Press. 2002: 14. ISBN 978-0-8061-3501-4.
- ^ Asian Leaf, Yellow-headed Temple, Striped-necked Leaf, & Borneo Black Leaf Turtle. Free Pet Care Tips Newsletter. [March 29, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-11).
- ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Praschag, Peter; Hundsdörfer, Anna K.; Fritz, Uwe. Further specimens and phylogenetic position of the recently described leaf turtle species Cyclemys gemeli (Testudines: Geoemydidae) (PDF). Zootaxa (Magnolia Press). 2009, 29 (37) [March 29, 2011]. ISSN 1175-5334. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-09-18).
- ^ Paul Coleman. The Asian Leaf Turtle (Cyclemys dentata). UKchelonia.info. 1995 [March 29, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-21).
- ^ Karen A., Jensen; Indraneil, Das. Biological Observations on the Asian Soft-Shell Turtle in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, with notes on the Biology and Conservation of other Non-marine Turtles. Testudo (British Chelonia Group). 2006, 6 (3) [March 30, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-21).
- ^ AnAge entry for Cyclemys dentata. AnAge database at the Human Ageing Genomic Resources. [March 28, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-19).
- ^ Joao Pedro de Magalhaes. Cyclemys dentata Gray 1831, Lifespan, longevity, and ageing. Encyclopedia of Life. 2010 [March 28, 2011].
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Rui, Kalu Ram. Ecological Distribution Of Cyclemys Oldhamii(Gray 1863) From Nepal. Our Nature (Nature Conservation and Health Care Council, Nepal). 2004, 2 (7) [2013-03-16]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-12).
- ^ David T. Kirkpatrick. An Overview of Common Semi-Aquatic Turtles. University of North Carolina. 1996 [March 28, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-22).
- ^ Turtle taxonomy Working Group (Rhodin, A.G.J., van Dijk, P.P, Iverson, J.B., and Shaffer, H.B.).2010. Turtles of the world, 2010 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs No. 5. pp. 000.85-000.164, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010
- ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Durkin, Louise; Handschuh, Markus; Sovannak, Keo; Ward, Lizzy; Hulse, Nikki; Mould, Alistair. Discovery of a hitherto unknown breeding population of the Asian leaf turtle Cyclemys aff. atripons in Phnom Kulen National Park, northwestern Cambodia (PDF). Cambodian Journal of Natural History (Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh). 2010, (1) [2013-03-16]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-03-21).
- ^ Ali Reza, A.H.M. Natural Resources Management in Bangladesh: Linking National Priority to Global Perspective (PDF). Tigerpaper. 2004, 31 (2) [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-21).
- ^ Diesmos, Arvin C.; Rogelio V., Sison; Alcala, Angel C.; Sison, Rogelio V. Status and Distribution of Nonmarine Turtles of the Philippines. Chelonian Conservation and Biology (Chelonian Research Foundation). 2008, 7 (2): 157–177. doi:10.2744/CCB-0672.1.
- ^ Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob; Hosek, Jiri. Cyclemys dentata (Gray, 1831). The Reptile Database. [March 27, 2011].
- ^ Annandale, N. Chelona and Batrachia of the Inle Lake (PDF). Zoological Survey of India. 1918 [March 29, 2011]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-03-16).
- ^ Hoogmoed, M.S.; Gassó Miracle, M.E.; van den Hoek Ostende, L.W. Type specimens of recent and fossil Testudines and Crocodylia in the collections of the Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zool. Med. Leiden (Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis). 2002, 84 (8) [March 28, 2011]. ISSN 0024-0672. (原始内容存档于2012-10-10).
- ^ Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob; Hosek, Jiri. Cyclemys enigmatica Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink & Hundsdörfer, 2009. The Reptile Database. [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-18).
- ^ Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob; Hosek, Jiri. Cyclemys fusca Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink & Hundsdörfer, 2009. The Reptile Database. [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-18).
- ^ Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob; Hosek, Jiri. Cyclemys gemeli Fritz, Guicking, Auer, Sommer, Wink & Hundsdörfer, 2009. The Reptile Database. [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-18).
- ^ Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob; Hosek, Jiri. Cyclemys oldhami Gray, 1863. The Reptile Database. [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-18).
- ^ Leaf Turtle. Nam Kading Research & Training Centre. [March 27, 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-09-04).
- ^ United Nations Environment Programme. Beijing 2008 Olympic games: an environmental review. UNEP Division of Communications and Public Information. 2007. ISBN 978-92-807-2888-0.
- ^ IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Tortoises and freshwater turtles: an action plan for their conservation. IUCN/WWF. 1989. ISBN 2-88032-974-4.