两性霉素B
两性霉素B(英语:Amphotericin B)是一种抗真菌药物,用于治疗严重的真菌感染和利什曼病。[3]真菌感染包括有毛霉菌病、曲霉病、芽生菌病、念珠菌病、山谷热(球孢子菌病)和隐球菌病。对于某些感染,可与氟胞嘧啶合并使用。[4]此药物通常透过静脉注射给药。[5]
临床资料 | |
---|---|
商品名 | Fungizone、Mysteclin-F、AmBisome及其他。 |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682643 |
核准状况 | |
怀孕分级 | |
给药途径 | 静脉注射 |
ATC码 | |
法律规范状态 | |
法律规范 |
|
药物动力学数据 | |
生物利用度 | 100% (静脉注射) |
药物代谢 | 肾脏 |
生物半衰期 | 第一阶段:24小时,第二阶段:15天 |
排泄途径 | 40%经由尿液排出,经由胆汁排出也很重要 |
识别信息 | |
| |
CAS号 | 12633-72-6 |
PubChem CID | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
NIAID ChemDB | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.014.311 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C47H73NO17 |
摩尔质量 | 924.09 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
熔点 | 170 °C(338 °F) |
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使用后常见的副作用有用药后不久会出现的发烧、发冷和头痛,以及肾脏问题。[5]可能会出现过敏反应(包括过敏性休克)。[5]其他严重的副作用有低血钾和心肌炎。[3]个体在怀孕期间使用对于胎儿似乎相对安全。[5]有一种脂质制剂具有较低的副作用风险。[5]它属于多烯抗真菌药物,部分透过干扰真菌的细胞膜而发挥作用。[3][5]
必治妥施贵宝的医学研究所于1955年从委内瑞拉奥利诺科河河床[6]获得的结节链霉菌培养物中分离出两性霉素B,并于1958年将之用于医疗用途。[7][8]它已被列入世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单之中。[9]市面上有此药物的通用名药物流通。[5][10]
医疗用途
抗霉菌感染
两性霉素B的主要用途之一是治疗多种全身性真菌感染。由于它会产生广泛的副作用,通常只用于治疗重症或免疫缺陷患者的严重感染。此药物是治疗侵袭性毛霉菌病感染、隐球菌性脑膜炎以及某些麹霉菌和念珠菌感染的一线药物。[11][12]它在过去多年一直是种高效药物,很大程度上是因为它所治疗的病原体发生抗药性的几率较低。原本能够抵抗药物的病原体,会发生一些变化,使其变得更加脆弱,容易受到宿主体内的防御系统和其他环境因素的攻击,而无法造成感染。[13]
抗原虫感染
两性霉素B用于治疗会危及生命的原虫感染,如内脏利什曼病[14]和福氏内格里阿米巴脑膜脑炎。[15]
易感度谱系
下表列出医学上重要的真菌对两性霉素B的易感度。
菌种 | 两性霉素B
最小抑菌浓度断点 (毫克/升) |
---|---|
烟曲霉 | 1[16] |
土曲霉 | 抗药性[16][17] |
白色念珠菌 | 1[16] |
光滑念珠菌 | 1[16] |
克氏毕赤酵母 | 1[16] |
葡萄牙匙形孢子 | 内在抗药性[17] |
新型隐球菌 | 2[18] |
尖孢镰刀菌 | 2[18] |
配方
静脉注射制剂
两性霉素B难以溶于pH值为7的生理食盐水,有数种制剂形式被研发出以提高给药后的生物利用度。[19]两性霉素B的脂质制剂并不比传统制剂更有效,但有一些证据显示患者对脂质制剂的耐受性会更好,且可能会有较少副作用。[20]
两性霉素B去氧胆酸钠
原始配方使用去氧胆酸钠来提高溶解度,[17]这种两性霉素B去氧胆酸钠 (ABD) 是静脉注射制剂。[21]这种原始剂型通常被称为"常规"两性霉素。[22]
脂质体制剂
为提高两性霉素的耐受性并降低毒性,已有几种脂质制剂推出。[17]脂质体制剂的肾毒性比去氧胆酸钠[23][24]更小,且相关反应也较少,[17]但价格比两性霉素B去氧胆酸钠更昂贵。[25]
脂质复合物制剂
目前也有多种脂质复合物制剂上市。 商品名为Abelcet的此类产品于1995年获得FDA批准,[26]它由两性霉素B和两种脂质以1:1的比例组成,形成大的带状结构。[17]商品名为Amphotec的制剂是两性霉素和胆固醇硫酸钠以1:1的比例组成,每个分子的两个分子形成一个四聚体,这些四聚体聚集在盘状复合物上的螺旋臂上,[27]于1996年获得FDA批准。[26]
口服制剂
此药物虽然有口服制剂,但未受广泛使用。[28]由于两性霉素B的两亲性及其低溶解度和渗透性导致的低生物利用度,成为口服使用的主要障碍。过去它曾被用于治疗消化道表面的真菌感染,如念珠菌症,但已被耐丝菌素和氟康唑等其他抗真菌药物取代。[29]
然而最近出现的新型奈米颗粒药物递送方式,(例如AmbiOnp)、[30]奈米悬浮剂、基于脂质的药物递送方式(例如Cochleates)、自乳化药物递送方式、[31]固体脂质奈米颗粒[30]和聚合物奈米颗粒,[30]已证明两性霉素B口服制剂所具的潜力。[32]药业Matinas Biopharma制造的口服脂质奈米晶体两性霉素在隐球菌性脑膜炎方面已成功完成第2期临床试验。[33]
副作用
两性霉素B以其严重且可能致命的副作用著称,并赢得"两性暴君"的绰号。[34][35]通常是输注后不久(1至3小时内)会发生严重反应,包括高烧、发冷、低血压、食欲不振、恶心、呕吐、头痛、呼吸困难和呼吸急促、昏睡和全身无力。剧烈的寒颤和发烧使该药有"先震颤后发烧"的绰号。[36][37]此类反应的确切原因尚不清楚,可能涉及前列腺素合成增加和巨噬细胞释放细胞激素。[38][39]去氧胆酸钠制剂 (ABD) 也可能刺激肥大细胞和嗜碱性球释放组织胺。[40]反应有时会随着药物后续的使用而减弱。然而,几乎所有病患在使用药物后都会出现发烧的现象,这就使得专业人员需要做出一个关键且困难的判断:病患的高烧到底是快速恶化的新症状,还仅是药物副作用。为降低症状出现和严重程度,初始剂量应较低,然后缓慢增加。扑热息痛、哌替啶、苯海拉明和氢羟肾上腺皮质素均被用于治疗或预防此种症候群,但由于患者的身体状况,这些药物的预防性使用通常会受到限制。[41]
两性霉素B静脉注射治疗剂量也与多重器官损伤有关联。肾损伤是一种经常受到报告的副作用,且可能会严重和/或不可逆转。脂质体制剂(例如AmBisome)的肾毒性据报导会较小,并且已成为已有肾损伤患者的首选。[42][43]当脂质体与真菌细胞壁结合时,前者的完整性被破坏,但不受哺乳动物细胞膜的影响,[44]前述与脂质体的结合减少肾脏对两性霉素B的暴露,为其较少肾毒性作用提供解释。[45]
此外,低血钾、低镁血症等电解质失衡现象也很常见。[46]在肝脏中,肝酵素升高和肝毒性(导致,包括暴发性肝衰竭)很常见。在循环系统中,有多种形式的贫血和其他血液疾病(白血球减少症、血小板减少症)、严重心律不整(包括心室颤动)、甚至有明显的心脏衰竭。皮肤反应,包括严重的形式,也有可能。[47]
与其他药物交互作用
当两性霉素B与以下药物共同给药时,有可能会发生药物间交互作用:[48]
- 氟胞嘧啶:会增加氟胞嘧啶的毒性,可使用较低剂量的两性霉素B。两性霉素B可能会透过干扰真菌细胞膜的通透性,而促进氟胞胞嘧啶进入真菌细胞。
- 如顺铂的利尿剂:增加肾毒性并升高低血钾的风险
- 皮质类固醇:增加低血钾的风险
- 抗霉菌药物:两性霉素B可能会拮抗酮康唑和咪康唑的活性。这种交互作用的临床程度尚不清楚。
- 神经肌肉阻滞药:两性霉素B诱导的低血钾症可能会增强某些麻醉剂的作用。
- 膦甲酸、更昔洛韦、替诺福韦二吡呋酯、阿德福韦:增加两性霉素B的血液学和肾脏副作用的风险
- 齐多夫定:增加肾脏和血液毒性的风险。
- 其他肾毒性药物(如氨基糖苷类抗生素):严重肾损害的风险增加
- 细胞抑制剂:增加肾损伤、低血压和支气管痉挛的风险
- 白血球输注:有肺损伤的风险,应将使用两性霉素B和输血两者的时间隔开,并监测肺功能
作用机转
两性霉素B与麦角固醇(真菌细胞膜的一种成分)结合,形成孔,导致单价离子(K+(钾)、Na+(钠)、H+(氢)和 Cl−(氯))快速泄漏而造成真菌细胞死亡。这是两性霉素B抗真菌剂的主要作用。[49][50]
目前已知有两种两性霉素:两性霉素A和B,但临床上仅使用B,因为它在体内的活性明显较高。两性霉素A与两性霉素B几乎相同,但几乎没抗真菌活性。[19]
毒性机制
哺乳动物和真菌膜均含有固醇,而固醇是两性霉素B的主要标靶。两性霉素B分子可在宿主膜和真菌膜上形成孔洞。这种膜屏障损伤会产生致命的影响。ref name=Baginski2009/>[51][52]麦角固醇(一种真菌固醇)比胆固醇(常见的哺乳动物固醇)对两性霉素B更敏感。与膜的反应性也取决于固醇浓度。[53]细菌不受影响,因为它们的细胞膜通常不含固醇。[54]
两性霉素B的给药受到输注相关毒性(输注期间和输注后不久发生的不良反应)的限制。这被认为是促发炎细胞因子的先天免疫作用产生的结果。[51][55]
生物合成
历史
此药物最初于1955年经施必治妥贵宝医学研究所从一种结节链霉菌的培养物中萃取。[19][57]从土壤培养物中分离出两种抗真菌物质 - 两性霉素A和B,B具有更好的抗真菌活性。在1980年代初开发出唑类抗真菌药物之前,此药物一直是治疗侵袭性真菌病感染的唯一有效疗法 。[21]
其完整的立体结构于1970年通过N-碘乙酰衍生物的X射线结构确定。[58]美国化学家K·C·尼古劳于1987年首次将天然存在化合物的对映体形式进行合成。[59]
配方
此药物是大环内酯类抗生素的亚类,具有相似的结构元素。[60]目前该药物有多种形式。 或是与去氧胆酸钠的常规复合(ABD)、胆固醇硫酸盐复合物(ABCD),脂质复合物(ABLC),以及脂质体制剂(LAMB)。后者的开发是为提高使用者的耐受性并降低毒性,但与传统的两性霉素B相比,会表现出相当不同的药物动力学特性。[17]
商品名称
两性霉素的名称源自于该药物的两性(指的是它具有酸性和碱性两种性质。既能与真菌细胞膜中的麦角固醇结合,破坏真菌细胞膜的结构和功能,发挥杀真菌作用,又能与人体细胞膜中的磷脂结合,引起细胞毒性。)特性。[61]
市场中的商品名称有Fungilin、Fungizone、Abelcet、AmBisome、Fungisome、Amphocil、Amphotec和Halizon等。[62]
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