1991年伊拉克起義
1991年伊拉克起義是由伊拉克什葉派和庫爾德人發動的反抗薩達姆的民族和宗教起義，此次起義發生於1991年3月至4月。當時，伊拉克因兩伊戰爭和第一次海灣戰爭受挫。最終伊拉克政府獲得勝利，但庫爾德人建立了自治區並促使聯軍在伊拉克設置了禁飛區。[10]
| 1991 Iraqi uprisings | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the aftermath of the Gulf War的一部分 | |||||||||
 An Iraqi government tank disabled by rebels | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| 參戰方 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Support:  MEK |
Support: 美國[1] 伊朗[2] 敘利亞 | ||||||||
| 指揮官與領導者 | |||||||||
 Saddam Hussein(Commander-in-Chief) Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Hussein Kamel Ali Hassan al-Majid Taha Yasin Tariq Aziz Qusay Hussein |
 Mohammad Baqir(Commander-in-Chief) Abdul Aziz al-Hakim Hadi al-Amiri  Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi Massoud Barzani Jalal Talabani | ||||||||
| 兵力 | |||||||||
|
約300,000[5] |
約59,000–107,000 | ||||||||
| 傷亡與損失 | |||||||||
| 約5,000 killed or captured[6] | 約25,000–180,000 killed (mostly civilians)[7][8][9] | ||||||||
註釋
參考資料
- ^ Colgan, Jeff D. Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War. Cambridge University Press. 2013-01-31: 115 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-107-31129-9. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10） （英語）.
- ^ Terrill, W. Andrew. The United States and Iraq's Shi'ite Clergy: Partners Or Adversaries?. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. 2004: 9 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-58487-153-8. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-09） （英語）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Rafaat, Aram. Kurdistan in Iraq: The Evolution of a Quasi-State. Routledge. 2018-05-11 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-351-18881-4. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-09） （英語）.
Iraq successfully suppressed the Kurdish uprising of 1991 but failed to recapture the entire Kurdistan territory
- ^ Cline, Lawrence E. View of The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq | Journal of Conflict Studies. Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-08-31]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-31）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Uppsala conflict data expansion: Non-State Actor Data: Version 3.3 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期February 21, 2014，. pp. 146; 217; 218; 502
- ^ ENDLESS TORMENT: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. Human Rights Watch. 1992 [July 23, 2019]. ISBN 1-56432-069-3. （原始內容存檔於October 10, 2019）.
- ^ 2 Mass Graves in Iraq Unearthed. LA Times. June 5, 2006 [August 12, 2012]. （原始內容存檔於January 9, 2012）.
- ^ 'Chemical Ali' on trial for brutal crushing of Shia uprising. The Guardian. August 22, 2007 [December 16, 2016]. （原始內容存檔於December 28, 2016）.
- ^ ENDLESS TORMENT, The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. Hrw.org. [2009-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於June 15, 2010）.
- ^ Cline, Lawrence E. View of The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq | Journal of Conflict Studies. Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-09-10]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-31）.