紅河斷裂帶

紅河斷裂帶是位於青藏高原東南緣的一條斷裂帶,被視為川滇塊體的西邊界[1]

紅河斷裂帶的地形圖

地質背景

新生代以來,隨着印度板塊持續向北楔入,青藏高原東南緣經歷了顯著的構造變形[2][3]。紅河斷裂帶作為川滇塊體的西部邊界,不僅分隔印支塊體華南塊體[4],還因青藏高原物質向東側擠出,成為區域內重要的深部構造帶[5][6][7]。紅河斷裂帶的地質構造及地殼變形具有由北向南的分段特徵[8],其與峨眉山大火成岩省的岩石侵蝕程度相呼應[9]

地質構造特徵

 
建水縣坡頭鄉南部深谷斜坡上眺望紅河

紅河斷裂帶是中國最長的走滑斷裂帶之一,全長約1,000公里,斜貫雲南西部和南部,整體呈北窄南寬的形態[1]。斷裂帶從洱源延伸至越南北部灣,被分為北段、中段和南段(北段為洱源—彌渡,中段為彌渡—大斗門,南段為大斗門—河口[8]

中-晚二疊紀時期,紅河斷裂帶可能為峨眉山大火成岩省的岩漿活動提供了通道[9];而在古近紀,斷裂帶經歷了多次左旋走滑運動,隨着青藏高原的東向擠出,吸收了大量地殼縮短量[10][11]。到了新近紀,紅河斷裂帶從左旋走滑轉變為右旋走滑運動[12]第四紀以來,斷裂帶以右旋走滑兼具伸展運動為特徵,其中中段呈現顯著的逆沖運動[6][13]

紅河斷裂帶兩側地殼厚度存在明顯差異,東側地殼厚度可達約50公里,而西側則僅為30公里左右[1]。紅河斷裂帶北段的泊松比值較高,可能與地幔物質底侵有關[14][15];而南段的泊松比相對較低,表明以長英質為主的地殼成分更容易發生部分熔融[16]大地電磁資料顯示,北段存在高電導率體,表明該區域的地殼結構可能受到上地幔影響[17][18][19]

地震活動

紅河斷裂帶屬於中國南北地震帶的南段,地震活動具有顯著的分佈不均勻性[1]。北段地震活動頻繁,歷史上發生過多次6級以上地震,其中包括2次7級以上大震;而中段幾乎無震,南段的地震活動則集中在東側的石屏—建水斷裂上[20][21]

紅河斷裂帶北段和中段北側具有發生大地震的潛力[22],而南段則可能孕育長周期的大地震[23]

參考文獻

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