模糊函數的定義為:
A
x
(
η
,
τ
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
x
(
t
+
τ
2
)
x
∗
(
t
−
τ
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
d
t
{\displaystyle A_{x}\left(\eta ,\tau \right)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})x^{*}(t-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\,dt}
Modulation 和 Time Shifting 對模糊函數的影響
我們來看一下
x
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x(t)}
對於模糊函數的影響
(1) 假設
x
1
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x_{1}(t)}
是一個高斯函數:
a
e
−
(
t
−
b
)
2
/
2
c
2
{\displaystyle ae^{-(t-b)^{2}/2c^{2}}}
, 其中
a
=
1
,
b
=
0
,
c
=
1
2
α
{\displaystyle a=1,b=0,c={\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{2\alpha }}}}
那麼我們可以得到
x
1
(
t
)
=
e
−
α
π
t
2
{\displaystyle x_{1}(t)=e^{-\alpha \pi t^{2}}}
, 代入模糊函數
A
x
(
η
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle A_{x}\left(\eta ,\tau \right)}
中:
A
x
1
(
η
,
τ
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
e
−
α
π
(
t
+
τ
2
)
2
e
−
α
π
(
t
−
τ
2
)
2
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
d
t
{\displaystyle A_{x_{1}}\left(\eta ,\tau \right)=\textstyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\displaystyle e^{-\alpha \pi {(t+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})}^{2}}\ e^{-\alpha \pi {(t-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})}^{2}}\ e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\ dt}
=
∫
−
∞
∞
e
−
α
π
(
2
t
2
+
τ
2
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
d
t
{\displaystyle =\textstyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\displaystyle e^{-\alpha \pi (2t^{2}+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}}^{2})}\ e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\ dt}
(2) 假設
x
2
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x_{2}(t)}
是一個經過 shifting 和 modulation 的高斯函數:
那麼我們可以得到
x
2
(
t
)
=
e
−
α
π
(
t
−
t
0
)
2
+
j
2
π
f
0
t
{\displaystyle x_{2}(t)=e^{-\alpha \pi (t-t_{0})^{2}+j2\pi f_{0}t}}
, 代入模糊函數
A
x
(
η
,
τ
)
{\displaystyle A_{x}\left(\eta ,\tau \right)}
中:
A
x
2
(
η
,
τ
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
e
−
α
π
(
t
+
τ
2
−
t
0
)
2
+
j
2
π
f
0
(
t
+
τ
2
)
e
−
α
π
(
t
−
τ
2
−
t
0
)
2
−
j
2
π
f
0
(
t
−
τ
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
d
t
{\textstyle A_{x_{2}}\left(\eta ,\tau \right)=\textstyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\displaystyle e^{-\alpha \pi {(t+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}}-t_{0})}^{2}+j2\pi f_{0}(t+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})}\ e^{-\alpha \pi {(t-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}}-t_{0})}^{2}-j2\pi f_{0}(t-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})}\ e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\ dt}
=
∫
−
∞
∞
e
−
α
π
(
2
(
t
−
t
0
)
2
+
τ
/
2
2
)
+
j
2
π
f
0
τ
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
d
t
{\displaystyle =\textstyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\displaystyle e^{-\alpha \pi (2(t-t_{0})^{2}+{\tau /2}^{2})+j2\pi f_{0}\tau }\ e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\ dt}
=
∫
−
∞
∞
e
−
α
π
(
2
t
2
+
τ
2
2
)
e
j
2
π
f
0
τ
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
e
−
j
2
π
t
0
η
d
t
{\displaystyle =\textstyle \int \limits _{-\infty }^{\infty }\displaystyle e^{-\alpha \pi (2t^{2}+{\tfrac {\tau ^{2}}{2}})}\ e^{j2\pi f_{0}\tau }\ e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\ e^{-j2\pi t_{0}\eta }\ dt}
我們可以看到
|
A
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
|
=
|
A
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
|
{\displaystyle |A_{x_{1}}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)|=|A_{x_{2}}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)|}
,
因此我們可以得出 time shifting
t
0
{\displaystyle t_{0}}
和 modulation
f
0
{\displaystyle f_{0}}
並不會影響
|
A
x
(
τ
,
η
)
|
{\displaystyle |A_{x}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)|}
積分後,
A
x
(
τ
,
η
)
=
1
2
α
e
−
π
(
α
τ
2
2
+
η
2
2
α
)
e
j
2
π
(
f
0
τ
−
t
0
η
)
{\displaystyle A_{x}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)={\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{2\alpha }}}e^{-\pi ({\tfrac {\alpha \tau ^{2}}{2}}+{\tfrac {\eta ^{2}}{2\alpha }})}e^{j2\pi (f_{0}\tau -t_{0}\eta )}}
所以
A
x
(
τ
,
η
)
{\displaystyle A_{x}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)}
在
τ
=
0
,
η
=
0
{\displaystyle \tau =0,\eta =0}
的地方會有最大的
|
A
x
(
τ
,
η
)
|
{\displaystyle |A_{x}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)|}
交叉項 Cross-term 問題
上述所列出來的是當
x
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x(t)}
只有一項而已 (one term only),如果
x
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x(t)}
有兩項以上的元素構成 (more than two terms),
x
(
t
)
=
x
1
(
t
)
+
x
2
(
t
)
+
⋅
⋅
⋅
+
x
n
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x(t)=x_{1}(t)+x_{2}(t)+\cdot \cdot \cdot +x_{n}(t)}
,依然會有交叉項 (cross-term) 的問題存在。
假設
x
(
t
)
=
x
1
(
t
)
+
x
2
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x(t)=x_{1}(t)+x_{2}(t)}
, 其中
{
x
1
(
t
)
=
e
−
α
1
π
(
t
−
t
1
)
2
+
j
2
π
f
1
t
x
2
(
t
)
=
e
−
α
2
π
(
t
−
t
2
)
2
+
j
2
π
f
2
t
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x_{1}(t)=e^{-\alpha _{1}\pi (t-t_{1})^{2}+j2\pi f_{1}t}\\x_{2}(t)=e^{-\alpha _{2}\pi (t-t_{2})^{2}+j2\pi f_{2}t}\end{cases}}}
將
x
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x(t)}
代入模糊函數
A
x
(
η
,
τ
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
x
(
t
+
τ
2
)
x
∗
(
t
−
τ
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
d
t
{\displaystyle A_{x}\left(\eta ,\tau \right)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})x^{*}(t-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\,dt}
中:
A
x
(
η
,
τ
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
x
1
(
t
+
τ
2
)
x
1
∗
(
t
−
τ
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
d
t
⏟
A
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
+
∫
−
∞
∞
x
2
(
t
+
τ
2
)
x
2
∗
(
t
−
τ
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
d
t
⏟
A
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
{\displaystyle A_{x}\left(\eta ,\tau \right)=\underbrace {\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x_{1}(t+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})x_{1}^{*}(t-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\,dt} _{A_{x_{1}}(\tau ,\eta )}+\underbrace {\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x_{2}(t+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})x_{2}^{*}(t-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\,dt} _{A_{x_{2}}(\tau ,\eta )}}
+
∫
−
∞
∞
x
1
(
t
+
τ
2
)
x
2
∗
(
t
−
τ
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
d
t
⏟
A
x
1
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
+
∫
−
∞
∞
x
2
(
t
+
τ
2
)
x
1
∗
(
t
−
τ
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
t
η
d
t
⏟
A
x
2
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
{\displaystyle +\underbrace {\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x_{1}(t+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})x_{2}^{*}(t-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\,dt} _{A_{{x_{1}}{x_{2}}}(\tau ,\eta )}+\underbrace {\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x_{2}(t+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})x_{1}^{*}(t-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})e^{-j2\pi t\eta }\,dt} _{A_{{x_{2}}{x_{1}}}(\tau ,\eta )}}
其中
{
A
u
t
o
−
t
e
r
m
s
:
A
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
,
A
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
C
r
o
s
s
−
t
e
r
m
s
:
A
x
1
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
,
A
x
2
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}Auto-terms:\quad A_{x_{1}}(\tau ,\eta ),\ A_{x_{2}}(\tau ,\eta )\\Cross-terms:\ A_{{x_{1}}{x_{2}}}(\tau ,\eta ),\ A_{{x_{2}}{x_{1}}}(\tau ,\eta )\end{cases}}}
Auto - terms
A
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
=
1
2
α
1
e
−
π
(
α
1
τ
2
2
+
η
2
2
α
1
)
e
j
2
π
(
f
1
τ
−
t
1
η
)
{\displaystyle A_{x_{1}}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)={\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{2\alpha _{1}}}}\ e^{-\pi ({\tfrac {\alpha _{1}\tau ^{2}}{2}}+{\tfrac {\eta ^{2}}{2\alpha _{1}}})}\ e^{j2\pi (f_{1}\tau -t_{1}\eta )}}
A
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
=
1
2
α
2
e
−
π
(
α
2
τ
2
2
+
η
2
2
α
2
)
e
j
2
π
(
f
2
τ
−
t
2
η
)
{\displaystyle A_{x_{2}}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)={\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{2\alpha _{2}}}}\ e^{-\pi ({\tfrac {\alpha _{2}\tau ^{2}}{2}}+{\tfrac {\eta ^{2}}{2\alpha _{2}}})}\ e^{j2\pi (f_{2}\tau -t_{2}\eta )}}
Cross - terms
(1)
α
1
≠
α
2
{\displaystyle \alpha _{1}\neq \alpha _{2}}
A
x
1
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
=
1
(
α
1
+
α
2
)
e
−
π
(
(
α
1
+
α
2
)
(
τ
−
t
1
+
t
2
)
2
4
+
[
(
α
1
−
α
2
)
(
τ
−
t
1
+
t
2
)
−
j
2
(
η
−
f
1
+
f
2
)
]
2
4
(
α
1
+
α
2
)
)
e
j
2
π
[
(
f
1
+
f
2
2
)
τ
−
t
1
+
t
2
2
η
+
(
f
1
−
f
2
)
(
t
1
+
t
2
)
2
]
{\displaystyle A_{{x_{1}}{x_{2}}}(\tau ,\eta )={\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{(\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{2})}}}\ e^{-\pi ({\tfrac {(\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{2})(\tau -t_{1}+t_{2})^{2}}{4}}\ +\ {\tfrac {[(\alpha _{1}-\alpha _{2})(\tau -t_{1}+t_{2})-j2(\eta -f_{1}+f_{2})]^{2}}{4(\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{2})}})}\ e^{j2\pi [({\tfrac {f_{1}+f_{2}}{2}})\tau -{\tfrac {t_{1}+t_{2}}{2}}\eta +{\tfrac {(f_{1}-f_{2})(t_{1}+t_{2})}{2}}]}}
=
1
2
α
u
e
−
π
(
α
u
(
τ
−
t
d
)
2
2
+
[
α
d
(
τ
−
t
d
)
−
j
2
(
η
−
f
d
)
]
2
8
α
u
)
e
j
2
π
(
f
u
τ
−
t
n
η
+
f
d
t
u
)
{\displaystyle ={\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{2\alpha _{u}}}}\ e^{-\pi ({\tfrac {\alpha _{u}(\tau -t_{d})^{2}}{2}}\ +\ {\tfrac {[\alpha _{d}(\tau -t_{d})-j2(\eta -f_{d})]^{2}}{8\alpha _{u}}})}\ e^{j2\pi (f_{u}\tau -t_{n}\eta +f_{d}t_{u})}}
A
x
2
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
=
A
x
1
x
2
∗
(
−
τ
,
−
η
)
{\displaystyle A_{{x_{2}}{x_{1}}}(\tau ,\eta )=A_{{x_{1}}{x_{2}}}^{*}(-\tau ,-\eta )}
{
t
u
=
t
1
+
t
2
2
,
f
u
=
f
1
+
f
2
2
,
α
u
=
α
1
+
α
2
2
t
d
=
t
1
−
t
2
,
f
d
=
f
1
−
f
2
,
α
d
=
α
1
−
α
2
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}t_{u}={\tfrac {t_{1}+t_{2}}{2}},\ f_{u}={\tfrac {f_{1}+f_{2}}{2}},\ \alpha _{u}={\tfrac {\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{2}}{2}}\\t_{d}=t_{1}-t_{2},\ f_{d}=f_{1}-f_{2},\ \alpha _{d}=\alpha _{1}-\alpha _{2}\end{cases}}}
(2)
α
1
=
α
2
{\displaystyle \alpha _{1}=\alpha _{2}}
A
x
1
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
=
1
2
α
u
e
−
π
(
α
u
(
τ
−
t
d
)
2
2
+
(
η
−
f
d
)
2
2
α
u
)
e
j
2
π
(
f
u
τ
−
t
n
η
+
f
d
t
u
)
{\displaystyle A_{{x_{1}}{x_{2}}}(\tau ,\eta )={\sqrt {\tfrac {1}{2\alpha _{u}}}}\ e^{-\pi ({\tfrac {\alpha _{u}(\tau -t_{d})^{2}}{2}}\ +\ {\tfrac {(\eta -f_{d})^{2}}{2\alpha _{u}}})}\ e^{j2\pi (f_{u}\tau -t_{n}\eta +f_{d}t_{u})}}
A
x
2
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
=
A
x
1
x
2
∗
(
−
τ
,
−
η
)
{\displaystyle A_{{x_{2}}{x_{1}}}(\tau ,\eta )=A_{{x_{1}}{x_{2}}}^{*}(-\tau ,-\eta )}
因此,我們目前得到
A
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
,
A
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
{\displaystyle A_{x_{1}}\left(\tau ,\eta \right),A_{x_{2}}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)}
(auto-terms) 和
A
x
1
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
,
A
x
2
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
{\displaystyle A_{{x_{1}}{x_{2}}}(\tau ,\eta ),A_{{x_{2}}{x_{1}}}(\tau ,\eta )}
(cross-terms) 的公式,我們再仔細的分析 auto-terms 和 cross-terms 分別發生最大值的位置。
Ambiguity Function 分析圖
首先,先看 Auto-terms:
|
A
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
|
{\displaystyle |A_{x_{1}}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)|}
最大值發生在
τ
=
0
,
η
=
0
{\displaystyle \tau =0,\eta =0}
的地方
|
A
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
|
{\displaystyle |A_{x_{2}}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)|}
最大值發生在
τ
=
0
,
η
=
0
{\displaystyle \tau =0,\eta =0}
的地方
而 Cross-terms:
|
A
x
1
x
2
(
τ
,
η
)
|
{\displaystyle |A_{{x_{1}}{x_{2}}}(\tau ,\eta )|}
最大值發生在
τ
=
t
d
,
η
=
f
d
{\displaystyle \tau =t_{d},\eta =f_{d}}
的地方
|
A
x
2
x
1
(
τ
,
η
)
|
{\displaystyle |A_{{x_{2}}{x_{1}}}(\tau ,\eta )|}
最大值發生在
τ
=
−
t
d
,
η
=
−
f
d
{\displaystyle \tau =-t_{d},\eta =-f_{d}}
的地方
換句話說,如果我們繪製一個 x軸為
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
, y軸為
η
{\displaystyle \eta }
的座標圖,Auto-terms發生在原點
(
0
,
0
)
{\displaystyle (0,0)}
的位置,而 Cross-terms 則是以原點為對稱中心,在第一象限和第三象限的位置,
這也是為什麼可以透過一個低通函數來濾除雜訊,把主成分 Auto-terms 分離出來,避免交叉項的問題。
維格納分佈是由尤金·維格納於 1932 年提出的新的時頻分析方法,對於非穩態的訊號有不錯的表現。
相較於傅立葉轉換或是短時距傅立葉轉換,維格納分佈能有比較好的解析能力。
維格納分佈的定義為:
W
x
(
t
,
f
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
x
(
t
+
τ
2
)
x
∗
(
t
−
τ
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
τ
f
d
τ
{\displaystyle W_{x}(t,f)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(t+{\frac {\tau }{2}})x^{*}(t-{\frac {\tau }{2}})e^{-j2\pi \tau f}\,d\tau }
如果我們假設
x
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x(t)}
是一個具有弦波特性的訊號,
x
(
t
)
=
e
j
2
π
f
0
t
{\displaystyle x(t)=e^{j2\pi f_{0}t}}
那麼將此
x
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x(t)}
代入維格納分佈中,
Wigner Distribution Function 分析圖
W
x
(
t
,
f
)
=
∫
−
∞
∞
e
j
2
π
f
0
(
t
+
τ
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
f
0
(
t
−
τ
2
)
e
−
j
2
π
τ
f
d
τ
{\displaystyle W_{x}(t,f)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{j2\pi f_{0}(t+{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})}e^{-j2\pi f_{0}(t-{\tfrac {\tau }{2}})}\ e^{-j2\pi \tau f}\ d\tau }
=
∫
−
∞
∞
e
j
2
π
f
0
τ
e
−
j
2
π
τ
f
d
τ
{\displaystyle =\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{j2\pi f_{0}\tau }\ e^{-j2\pi \tau f}\ d\tau }
=
∫
−
∞
∞
e
−
j
2
π
τ
(
f
−
f
0
)
d
τ
{\displaystyle =\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-j2\pi \tau (f-f_{0})}d\tau }
=
δ
(
f
−
f
0
)
{\displaystyle =\delta (f-f_{0})}
所以當
x
(
t
)
=
e
j
2
π
f
0
t
{\displaystyle x(t)=e^{j2\pi f_{0}t}}
時,
W
x
(
t
,
f
)
{\displaystyle W_{x}(t,f)}
在
f
=
f
0
{\displaystyle f=f_{0}}
的地方會有最大值。
換句話說,當
x
(
t
)
{\displaystyle x(t)}
有 modulation
f
0
{\displaystyle f_{0}}
或是有 time shifting
t
0
{\displaystyle t_{0}}
的情況發生時,會影響維格納分佈 (Wigner Distribution Function) 最大值
|
W
x
(
t
,
f
)
|
{\displaystyle |W_{x}(t,f)|}
的位置
然而,對於科恩系列分佈 (Cohen's class distribution)而言,time shifting
t
0
{\displaystyle t_{0}}
和 modulation
f
0
{\displaystyle f_{0}}
並不會影響
|
A
x
(
τ
,
η
)
|
{\displaystyle |A_{x}\left(\tau ,\eta \right)|}