犬亞族

犬亞族; 化石時期：墨西拿晚期至今 (距今七百萬年)
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	哺乳綱 Mammalia
目：	食肉目 Carnivora
科：	犬科 Canidae
亞科：	犬亞科 Caninae
族：	犬族 Canini
亞族：	犬亞族 Canina; 戈特黑爾夫·菲舍爾·馮·瓦爾德海姆, 1817
屬和亞屬
	犬屬 Canis †異豺（英語：Xenocyon） Xenocyon; ; 豺 Cuon; 胡狼屬 Lupulella; 非洲野犬屬 Lycaon; †薩丁尼亞豺（英語：Sardinian dhole） Cynotherium; †真犬屬 Eucyon; †恐狼屬 Aenocyon;

犬亞族（英語：Canina）是犬族（英語：Canini）下的一個分類階元，也是食蟹狐亞族（英語：Cerdocyonina）的近親。這個群體的化石可以追溯到500萬年前，然而它們可能在900萬年前就已經存在了^[3]^:4。該亞族的成員被認為是與狼較為相近的犬科動物^[4] ^[5] ^[6]。

分類學

基於犬亞族的成員以39對排例的78條染色體核型，它可以與其他犬科動物雜交^[4]。

以下分支圖基於發表於2005年的Lindblad-Toh et al的系統發育^[5]，並進行修改，以納入最近關於犬屬動物的發現。^[7] ^[8]^{（p. S1）}。

犬亞科

	Canis rufus (紅狼)

	Canis lycaon (東加拿大狼)

Canis latrans (郊狼)

Canis lupus (灰狼)

Canis familiaris (家犬)

Canis lupaster (金狼)

Canis simensis (埃塞俄比亞狼)

Canis aureus (亞洲胡狼)

Cuon alpinus (豺)

Lycaon pictus (非洲野犬)

	Lupulella adusta (側紋胡狼)

	Lupulella mesomelas (黑背胡狼)

	† Aenocyon dirus (恐狼)

參考文獻

^ Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, page 174
^ Fischer de Waldheim, G. Canina. Adversaria Zoological (Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow)). 1817, 5: 368–428. p372
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Tedford, Richard H; Wang, Xiaoming(paleontologist); Taylor, Beryl E. Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae) (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2009, 325: 1–218 [2023-06-15]. S2CID 83594819. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-05-08）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Wayne, Robert K. Molecular evolution of the dog family. Trends in Genetics. June 1993, 9 (6): 218–224 [2023-06-15]. PMID 8337763. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature. 2005, 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. PMID 16341006. doi:10.1038/nature04338.
^ Castelló, J.R. Ch.2 - Wolf-like Canids. Canids of the World: Wolves, Wild Dogs, Foxes, Jackals, Coyotes, and Their Relatives. Princeton University Press. 2018: 74. ISBN 978-0-691-18372-5.
^ Perri, Angela R.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Mouton, Alice; Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Haile, James; Jamieson, Alexandra; Meachen, Julie; Lin, Audrey T.; Schubert, Blaine W.; Ameen, Carly; Antipina, Ekaterina E.; Bover, Pere; Brace, Selina; Carmagnini, Alberto; Carøe, Christian; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Chatters, James C.; Dobney, Keith; Dos Reis, Mario; Evin, Allowen; Gaubert, Philippe; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Gower, Graham; Heiniger, Holly; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Kapp, Josh; Kosintsev, Pavel A.; Linderholm, Anna; Ozga, Andrew T.; Presslee, Samantha; Salis, Alexander T.; Saremi, Nedda F.; Shew, Colin; Skerry, Katherine; Taranenko, Dmitry E.; Thompson, Mary; Sablin, Mikhail V.; Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.; Collins, Matthew J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Stone, Anne C.; Shapiro, Beth; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K.; Larson, Greger; Cooper, Alan; Frantz, Laurent A. F. Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage. Nature. 2021, 591 (7848): 87–91 [2023-06-15]. PMID 33442059. S2CID 231604957. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03082-x. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-31）.
^ Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species. Current Biology. 2015, 25 (16): 2158–2165. PMID 26234211. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060  .

[wang2008-1] Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, page 174

[Fischer1817-2] Fischer de Waldheim, G. Canina. Adversaria Zoological (Memoir Societe Naturelle (Moscow)). 1817, 5: 368–428. p372

[Tedford2009-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Tedford, Richard H; Wang, Xiaoming(paleontologist); Taylor, Beryl E. Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae) (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2009, 325: 1–218 [2023-06-15]. S2CID 83594819. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-05-08）.

[wayne1993-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Wayne, Robert K. Molecular evolution of the dog family. Trends in Genetics. June 1993, 9 (6): 218–224 [2023-06-15]. PMID 8337763. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-24）.

[LindbladToh2005-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature. 2005, 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. PMID 16341006. doi:10.1038/nature04338.

[Castello2018-6] Castelló, J.R. Ch.2 - Wolf-like Canids. Canids of the World: Wolves, Wild Dogs, Foxes, Jackals, Coyotes, and Their Relatives. Princeton University Press. 2018: 74. ISBN 978-0-691-18372-5.

[Perri2021-7] Perri, Angela R.; Mitchell, Kieren J.; Mouton, Alice; Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Haile, James; Jamieson, Alexandra; Meachen, Julie; Lin, Audrey T.; Schubert, Blaine W.; Ameen, Carly; Antipina, Ekaterina E.; Bover, Pere; Brace, Selina; Carmagnini, Alberto; Carøe, Christian; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Chatters, James C.; Dobney, Keith; Dos Reis, Mario; Evin, Allowen; Gaubert, Philippe; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Gower, Graham; Heiniger, Holly; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Kapp, Josh; Kosintsev, Pavel A.; Linderholm, Anna; Ozga, Andrew T.; Presslee, Samantha; Salis, Alexander T.; Saremi, Nedda F.; Shew, Colin; Skerry, Katherine; Taranenko, Dmitry E.; Thompson, Mary; Sablin, Mikhail V.; Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.; Collins, Matthew J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Stone, Anne C.; Shapiro, Beth; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wayne, Robert K.; Larson, Greger; Cooper, Alan; Frantz, Laurent A. F. Dire wolves were the last of an ancient New World canid lineage. Nature. 2021, 591 (7848): 87–91 [2023-06-15]. PMID 33442059. S2CID 231604957. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03082-x. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-31）.

[Koepfli2015-8] Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; et al. Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals are distinct species. Current Biology. 2015, 25 (16): 2158–2165. PMID 26234211. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060  .

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[1]

[2]

[7]

[8]