扁蟾屬
扁蟾屬（學名：Incilius），俗稱中美洲蟾蜍，是蟾蜍科的屬[2]，分佈於美國南部、墨西哥、中美洲地區和南美洲北部（哥倫比亞和厄瓜多爾）。扁蟾屬是生態和生物地理多樣化的蟾蜍群，包括一些微小的特有種，如只分佈於雲霧森林的Incilius spiculatus，以及Incilius valliceps等分佈於干擾生境的低地物種[3]。
扁蟾屬
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| 常綠蟾蜍是扁蟾屬的模式種 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 兩棲綱 Amphibia |
| 目： | 無尾目 Anura |
| 科： | 蟾蜍科 Bufonidae |
| 屬： | 扁蟾屬 Incilius Cope, 1863 |
| 模式種 | |
| 常綠蟾蜍 Cope, 1862
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| 異名[1] | |
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Cranopsis Cope, 1875 "1876" （Cranopsis Adams, 1860 (Mollusca)和Cranopsis Dall, 1871（腕足動物）的諧音） | |
分類學和系統學
扁蟾屬的分類學和系統學最近發生了很多變化。2011年，Cranopsis、Ollotis、Crepidius和Crepidophryne成為扁蟾屬的異名。但是，扁蟾屬是單系群的觀點受到了Incilius bocourti的威脅，因為Incilius bocourti可能是Anaxyrus的姐妹群[1]。
另一個討論是識別該屬的分類學水平。在2006年達爾·弗羅斯特及其同事大規模修訂兩棲動物系統學之前，扁蟾屬並沒有得到廣泛的認可[4]，而是以Cranopsis的名義存在，包括前「垣頭蟾組」及其相關物種。但是，另外一些學者認為扁蟾屬應該被看做蟾蜍屬的亞屬[5]。
物種
扁蟾屬目前共有39個物種[1]：
- 科羅拉多河蟾蜍(Incilius alvarius) (Girard, 1859)
- Incilius aucoinae (O'Neill and Mendelson, 2004)
- Incilius aurarius Mendelson, Mulcahy, Snell, Acevedo, and Campbell, 2012
- Incilius bocourti (Brocchi, 1877)
- Incilius campbelli (Mendelson, 1994)
- Incilius canaliferus (Cope, 1877)
- Incilius cavifrons (Firschein, 1950)
- Incilius chompipe (Vaughan and Mendelson, 2007)
- Incilius coccifer (Cope, 1866)
- 常綠蟾蜍(Incilius coniferus）(Cope, 1862)
- Incilius cristatus (Wiegmann, 1833)
- Incilius cycladen (Lynch and Smith, 1966)
- Incilius epioticus (Cope, 1875)
- Incilius fastidiosus (Cope, 1875)
- Incilius gemmifer (Taylor, 1940)
- Incilius guanacaste (Vaughan and Mendelson, 2007)
- Incilius holdridgei (Taylor, 1952)
- Incilius ibarrai (Stuart, 1954)
- Incilius karenlipsae Mendelson and Mulcahy, 2010
- Incilius leucomyos (McCranie and Wilson, 2000)
- Incilius luetkenii (Boulenger, 1891)
- Incilius macrocristatus (Firschein and Smith, 1957)
- Incilius majordomus Savage, Ugarte, and Donnelly, 2013
- Incilius marmoreus (Wiegmann, 1833)
- Incilius mazatlanensis (Taylor, 1940)
- Incilius mccoyi Santos-Barrera and Flores-Villela, 2011
- Incilius melanochlorus (Cope, 1877)
- Incilius nebulifer (Girard, 1854)
- Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)
- †金蟾蜍（Incilius periglenes） (Savage, 1967)
- Incilius peripatetes (Savage, 1972)
- Incilius perplexus (Taylor, 1943)
- Incilius pisinnus (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius porteri (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius signifer (Mendelson, Williams, Sheil, and Mulcahy, 2005)
- Incilius spiculatus (Mendelson, 1997)
- Incilius tacanensis (Smith, 1952)
- Incilius tutelarius (Mendelson, 1997)
- Incilius valliceps (Wiegmann, 1833)
AmphibiaWeb認可Incilius intermedius (Günther, 1858)是有效物種，而Amphibian Species of the World認為Incilius intermedius是Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879)的異名[6][1]。
參考資料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Frost, Darrel R. Incilius Cope, 1863. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. 2017 [2017-07-04]. （原始內容存檔於2017-12-06）.
- ^ Vitt, Laurie J.; Caldwell, Janalee P. Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles 4th. Academic Press. 2014: 490.
- ^ Mendelson, J. R. III; D. G. Mulcahy; T. S. Williams; J. W. Sites, Jr. A phylogeny and evolutionary natural history of mesoamerican toads (Anura: Bufonidae: Incilius) based on morphology, life history, and molecular data (PDF). Zootaxa. 2011, 3138: 1–34 [2017-07-14]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-03-04）.
- ^ Frost, D. R.; Grant, T.; Faivovich, J. N.; Bain, R. H.; Haas, A.; Haddad, C. L. F. B.; De Sá, R. O.; Channing, A.; Wilkinson, M. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2006, 297: 1–291. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Pauly, Greg B.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C. Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names (PDF). Herpetologica. 2009, 65 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1655/08-031R1.1. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-07-26）.
- ^ Bufonidae. AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2017 [2017-07-04]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-29）.