強盜男爵

強盜男爵(英語:Robber baron),或稱為強盜貴族強盜大亨強盜資本家,原本是19世紀下半期的社會批評英語social criticism中對一些有錢有勢的美國商人的蔑稱。該詞在1870年8月的《大西洋月刊》出現。[1]到了19世紀後期,該詞常用於指那些被認為以剝削手段來積累財富的商人。[2]這些行為包括控制自然資源、遊說政府高層、支付僅能餬口的的工資、兼併競爭對手以壓制競爭、製造壟斷以哄抬價格,以及炒高股票價格並出售給沒有戒心的投資者接盤。[2]這個詞結合了「強盜」(robber)和非法貴族「男爵」(baron,在共和政體中是非法的角色)二者的含義。[3]

一幅1904年的漫畫,其中將一個貪得無厭、操縱市場的企業(標準石油公司)描繪成了一隻無所不能的章魚

被視為強盜貴族的商人

 
1901年,美國的《Puck》上以漫畫描繪將約翰·戴維森·洛克菲勒描繪成有權有勢的君主。

馬菲·約瑟夫森英語Matthew Josephson的《強盜貴族》(Robber Barons,1934)中提到的強盜貴族:

其他來源中視為為「強盜大亨」的:

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Baldwin, Lida F. Unbound Old Atlantics. The Atlantic Monthly. 1907, C (November 1907): 683. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Dole, Charles F. The Ethics of Speculation. The Atlantic Monthly. 1907, C (December 1907): 812–818. 
  3. ^ Worth Robert Miller, Populist cartoons: an illustrated history of the third-party movement in the 1890s (2011) p. 13
  4. ^ David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida (1986)
  5. ^ George C. Kohn. The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal. Infobase Publishing. 2001: 152. ISBN 9781438130224. 
  6. ^ Edward Renehan, Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons (2005)
  7. ^ Keys, C. M. The Overlords of Railroad Traffic: The Seven Men Who Reign Supreme. The World's Work: A History of Our Time英語World's Work. January 1906, XIII: 8437–8445 [2009-07-10]. 
  8. ^ Martin Naparsteck; Michele Cardulla. Mrs. Mark Twain: The Life of Olivia Langdon Clemens, 1845–1904. McFarland. 2013: 109. ISBN 9780786472611. 
  9. ^ T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (2010) p 328
  10. ^ John Franch, Robber Baron: The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes (2008)
  11. ^ Charles O'Brien. Death of a Robber Baron . Kensington. 2013: 289. ISBN 9780758286369. 
  12. ^ Jepson, Tim. The Rough Guide to Vancouver. Rough Guides. 2004. ISBN 9781843532453 (英語). 
  13. ^ Theodore Dreiser; Roark Mulligan, editor. The Financier: The Critical Edition. U. of Illinois Press. 2010: 559. ISBN 9780252035043. 
  14. ^ Denning, Michael. The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century. London, New York: Verso. 1996: 173. ISBN 9781844674640. 
  15. ^ Stone, Oliver. The Untold History of the United States. New York: Gallery Books. 2012. ISBN 9780091949310. 
  16. ^ "Tesla CEO Elon Musk quashes claim he is 'modern-day robber baron'". [2023-05-26]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-02). 
  17. ^ "The Redstone Story re-lives the industrialization of the West"頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Redstone, Colorado website, history
  18. ^ Mary Kupiec Cayton et al. eds. Encyclopedia of American social history. Scribner. 1993: 1064 vol 2. ISBN 9780684192468. 
  19. ^ Dickinson, Donald C. Dictionary of American Antiquarian Bookdealers. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1998: 183. ISBN 9780313266751 (英語).