全球變暖停滯
全球變暖停滯(英語:global warming hiatus)[1],或稱為全球變暖暫停(global warming pause)[2]、全球變暖減速(global warming slowdown)[3],指全球平均地表溫度變化相對較小的時期。[4]在當前的全球變暖過程中,雖然許多有力證據表明全球溫度呈長期變暖的趨勢,但在地表溫度記錄中卻出現了前後15年變暖放緩的時期。[1]這樣的停滯期短於傳統上用於計算氣候平均趨勢的30年區間。[5]
1998年至2013年期間,有關全球變暖停滯的說法一直受到公眾關注。1998年的超強厄爾尼諾現象導致了當年全球溫度的異常增長,使得之後的年平均溫度呈現出趨緩的跡象:到2006年1月,一些人認為全球變暖已經停止或暫停。[2]2009年的一項研究表明,數十年沒有變暖的現象並不罕見。[6]2011年的一項研究則表明,如果考慮到已知存在的溫度自然波動,全球溫度上升的趨勢並未減緩。[6] 2013年政府間氣候變化專門委員會(IPCC)第五次評估報告發佈之前,公眾對此話題的關注開始增加。儘管擔心15年區間太短以致無法確定有意義的變化趨勢,但IPCC報告中還是包含了全球變暖停滯相關的內容[7],指出1998年至2012年這15年間全球溫度的線性增長趨勢遠小於1951年至2012年這60年間的線性增長趨勢。[8]多項研究探討了短期全球變暖放緩的可能原因。儘管地球表面溫度的測量數據表明地表變暖的增長率與之前十年相比有所減緩,但對於大氣層頂部的測量則發現地球接收的能量多於輻射回太空的能量(地球能量收支為正),整個氣候系統仍持續積累能量。[4]
2015年7月一項關於美國國家海洋和大氣管理局(NOAA)最新數據集的研究報告[8][9]對是否存在全球變暖停滯表示懷疑,並認為即使在早些年也沒有變暖停滯的跡象。[10][11][12][13]還有研究其他數據集的科學家對此項研究表示認可,儘管他們認為最近的變暖幅度確實比之前要小一些。[14][15]隨後,一項詳細研究支持了全球變暖仍在持續的結論,但它也發現2001年至2010年間的變暖程度低於氣候模型的預測,並認為這種減速現象可能是太平洋年代際振盪(PDO)的短期波動導致的,在此期間這一波動為負值。[16][17][18]另一項研究也認為沒有實質性證據表示全球變暖已經暫停。[19][20]對1970年以來全球溫度數據的一項統計研究同樣表明,使用「停滯」或「暫停」來描述全球變暖趨勢是不合適的。[21]然而,仍有部分氣候科學家對此提出質疑,認為最近的數據修正並不能否定全球變暖停滯的存在。[22]
關於全球變暖停滯的討論因2015年全球溫度的變化而有了新的進展。在這一年厄爾尼諾現象開始之前,全球平均溫度就已經比前幾年增加許多。2015年的變暖現象在很大程度上終結了1998年以來所謂「停滯期」可能影響到全球長期變暖趨勢的看法[23],而此後2016年全球溫度更是進一步上升。2017年1月,《科學進展》(Science Advances)雜誌上發表的一項研究對近期是否存在變暖暫停現象提出了進一步質疑,並揭示了海洋溫度被低估的證據。[24][25]2017年4月的一項研究則發現,全球溫度數據與20世紀70年代以來全球持續穩定變暖的趨勢一致,而溫度的波動則都在短期浮動的預期範圍之內。[26]來自阿拉斯加大學費爾班克斯分校和清華大學的科學家在2017年11月發表的合作研究中發現,近來快速變暖的北極地區的溫度數據之前並未囊括在全球平均溫度的計算之中,而在將其納入考量之後所謂的停滯現象便不復存在了。[27]
參考文獻
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