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綠色政治
核心主題
綠色政治 · 綠黨 · 概論（英語：Outline of green politics）
四大支柱
生態智慧 · 社會正義 · 基層民主 · 非暴力
學說觀點
鮮綠環境主義（英語：Bright green environmentalism） · 深層生態學 · 生態威權主義（英語：Ecoauthoritarianism） · 生態資本主義 · 生態法西斯主義 · 生態女性主義 · 生態民族主義（英語：Eco-nationalism） · 生態社會主義 · 綠色無政府主義 · 綠色保守主義 · 綠色左派主義（英語：Green left） · 綠色自由主義（英語：Green liberalism） · 綠色自由意志主義（英語：Green libertarianism） · 綠色錫安主義（英語：Green Zionism） · 社會生態學 · 酷兒生態學（英語：Queer ecology）
組織機構
亞太綠黨聯盟 · 歐洲綠黨 · 非洲綠黨聯盟（英語：Federation of Green Parties of Africa） · 美洲綠黨聯盟 · 青年歐洲綠黨聯盟（英語：Federation of Young European Greens） · 全球綠黨 · 全球青年綠黨（英語：Global Young Greens） · 世界生態黨聯盟（英語：World Ecological Parties）
相關條目
碳費和股息（英語：Carbon fee and dividend） · 碳稅 · 循環經濟 · 氣候變化緩解 · 氣候融資 · 氣候正義 · 氣候目標（英語：Climate target） · 保育運動 · 覺醒資本主義 · 綠色投資 · 生態經濟學 · 生態現代化 · 生態現代主義（英語：Ecomodernism） · 環保關稅 · 生態恐怖主義 · 自然環境 · 環境衝突 · 農業對環境的影響  · 航空業對環境的影響  · 環境金融（英語：Environmental finance） · 問題 · 環境正義（英語：Environmental justice） · 環保運動 · 環境規劃 · 環境價格改革（英語：Environmental pricing reform） · 環境種族主義 · 環境科技 · 環境保護主義 · 反環保主義 · 音樂中的環保主義（英語：Environmentalism in music） · 管理（英語：Stewardship (theology)） · 化石燃料淘汰 · 環境友善 · 綠色新政 · 漂綠 · 綠色汽車 · 地方主義 · 政治生態學 · 進步主義 · 再生能源 · 永續性 · 永續設計 · 永續發展 · 永續能源 · 永續交通系統 ·

Template:Conservatism sidebar

""綠色保守主義""是一種保守主義和綠色主義的結合。 在現代保守主義的整個歷史中，保守派政治家和哲學家都表達了對環境的關注，埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke）是現代保守主義的哲學奠基人。在他的「 《法國革命的反思》」中表達了對環境的關注。 在書中，他寫道：「地球，所有人的善良和平等的母親不應該為了培養任何人的驕傲和奢侈而被壟斷」。[1]

變體

美洲

巴西

國家生態黨與巴西最大的「福音派神會」有聯繫。國家生態黨曾經堅持綠色保守主義，但現在更名為愛國黨，並放棄其綠色和生態政策的支持，轉而採取對保守主義和民族主義政策的支持 ; 它維持並加強了其對墮胎，同婚和其他左翼政策的反對。[2][3]

加拿大

在加拿大，「綠色保守主義」一詞在2006年由前聯邦反對黨領袖，加拿大改革黨的創始人普雷斯頓·曼寧（Preston Manning）推廣。 曼寧（Manning）大力宣傳這一想法，以此作為在年輕和年長選民之間尋找共識的方式。 他專門談到在油砂中使用水價來提高石油生產商的效率。原文:using water pricing in the Oil Sands to make oil producers more efficient[4][5]1988年，當時的研究生斯蒂芬·哈珀（Stephen Harper）在《藍皮書》（Blue Book）中撰寫，該書影響了改革黨的原則，他提出了一項支持和保護環境但減少官僚控制的環境政策。 哈珀認為，改革黨意識到在「社會主義，資本主義和社會民主主義下」均有對生態環境的剝削。[6]加拿大理想主義者和哲學家喬治·帕金·格蘭特在《紅色托里宣言》寫道，托里支持環境激勵措施，以此作為反對「破壞環境的工業之父」的一種方式。他認為這代表粗略和短視的利潤概念」。[7]

2006年，進步保守黨總理布萊恩·穆羅尼（Brian Mulroney）被譽為「加拿大歷史上最環保的總理」。 他帶來了加拿大-美國酸雨條約，增加了八個新的國家公園，並提出了《環境保護法》。 時任總理史蒂芬·哈珀（Stephen Harper）辯稱：「他（馬爾洛尼）沒有提出宏偉的計劃和不可行的安排，也沒有解決與京都議定書有關的問題。」[8]

魁北克聯合會黨魁弗朗索瓦·勒格托（FrançoisLegault）提倡使用「務實」的方法，以解決環境運動的所謂「毫不費力」的方法與「創造財富，減少魁北克省與加拿大其他省之間的貧富差距」之間的平衡。[9]在2019年，魁北克環境大臣貝努瓦·夏萊特（Benoit Charette）譴責了人們的言論，稱他們將不再有保護環境的兒童，被譴責「太危言聳聽」。 但是，夏萊特指出「直接管理殘留材料以及塑料和玻璃水瓶的回收問題」是切實解決環境問題的一種方法。[10]

墨西哥

墨西哥生態學家綠黨（PVE）成立於1993年，在2015年墨西哥選舉中贏得了47個席位。

In 2008, the PVEM initiated an advertising campaign in favor of reintroducing the death penalty in Mexico.[11] This led to the European Green Party's withdrawal of recognition of the PVEM as a legitimate green party.[12]

During an interview, PVE candidate Gamaliel Ramírez verbally attacked an openly gay candidate for Guadalajara mayor and called for criminal laws against homosexuality to be established. In the following days, Ramírez issued a written apology after the party expressed disappointment at his remarks.[13]

United States

One of the first uses of the term green conservatism was by former United States Republican House Speaker Newt Gingrich, in a debate on environmental issues with John Kerry.[14][15] Around this time, the green conservative movement was sometimes referred to as the crunchy con movement, a term popularized by National Review magazine and the writings of Rod Dreher.[16]

In the United States, the Republican Party is generally considered as the conservative party. Green conservatism manifested itself as a movement in groups such as ConservAmerica and the American Conservation Coalition,[17] which seek to strengthen the Republican Party's stance on environmental issues and support efforts to conserve natural resources and protect human and environmental health.[18]

The Independent Greens of Virginia (or Indy Greens) call themselves "common sense conservatives". The party, over the last decade, has run many conservative greens for local, state, and federal office. In 2004, the party gave its ballot line to Constitution Party nominee Michael Peroutka for president, and in 2008, once again placed the Constitution Party nominee Chuck Baldwin on the ballot as its presidential candidate. The Indy Greens call for balancing the federal budget and paying off the federal debt.[19]

The Republican Party had long supported the protection of the environment in the first half of 20th Century. Republican President Theodore Roosevelt was a prominent conservationist whose policies eventually led to the creation of the modern National Park Service.[20] Republican President Richard Nixon was responsible for establishing the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970.[21]

More recently, California Republican Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, with the support of 16 other states, sued the federal government and the United States Environmental Protection Agency for the right to set vehicle emission standards higher than the federal standard,[22] a right to which California is entitled under the Clean Air Act.

Democratic President Bill Clinton signed the Kyoto Protocol but did not send it to the Senate for ratification following the passage of the Byrd–Hagel Resolution, which effectively barred the United States from implementing the treaty. President George W. Bush publicly opposed ratification of the Kyoto Protocols on the grounds that they unfairly targeted Western industrialized nations such as the United States while favoring developing Global South polluters such as China and India.

In 2000, the Republican Party adopted as part of its platform support for the development of market-based solutions to environmental problems. According to the platform, "economic prosperity and environmental protection must advance together, environmental regulations should be based on science, the government’s role should be to provide market-based incentives to develop the technologies to meet environmental standards, we should ensure that environmental policy meets the needs of localities, and environmental policy should focus on achieving results processes."[23]

The George W. Bush administration,[24] along with several of the candidates that sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2008,[25][26][27] supported increased Federal investment into the development of clean alternative fuels, increased nuclear power, as well as fuels such as ethanol, as a way of helping the U.S. achieve energy independence, as opposed to supporting less use of carbon dioxide-producing methods of generating energy. John McCain, who ran unsuccessfully for president in 2008, supported the cap-and-trade policy, a policy that is quite popular among Democrats but much less so among other Republicans.[28]

Asia

Japan

In Japan, the Environmental Green Political Assembly, or Midori no Kaigi, emerged from the conservative reformist Sakigake Party. It combined a conservative ideology with an ecologist platform, forcing out a number of non-ecologist members to join the Democratic Party's Ryoun-kai faction. It showed poor performance at the polls, and was dissolved in 2004, merged into the conservative Liberal Democratic Party.

Europe

Austria

The Austrian environmental movement (USB) was founded in 1973, out of this, the Electoral community for citizens' initiatives and environmental protection (WBU) has emerged. The WBU was thereby a grouping with bourgeois, liberal and conservative sides, which also did not shy away from the right-wing extremist spectrum.[29]

The United Greens of Austria (VGÖ) was founded in 1982, this represented the bourgeois wing of the movement.[30] By former members VGÖ later the Civil Green Austria (BGÖ) was founded.

The Free Party Salzburg (FPS) claims to be the only party that advocates that no genetically modified seed funds may be spread and has advocated against genetic engineering. It calls for a ban on glyphosate and it "deals with the green issues in Salzburg".[31]

The second Kurz government of the Republic of Austria that has been in office since the 7th of January 2020 introduced a governing program that combines typically green political concepts such as environmental protection but also typically conservative positions on topics such as integration, migration and economic policy.[32]

Denmark

In Denmark, the Conservative People's Party advocates conservative policies, while being a part of the green bloc of Folketinget. They opposed the Danish 2016 Agriculture Reform due to environmental concerns.

France

Génération Écologie is an ecologically focused political party in France. It has been nicknamed 'The Blues' due to its association with a number of conservative political groups.

Antoine Waechter, a former presidential candidate of Les Verts, founded Mouvement Ecologiste Indépendant after Les Verts adopted left-wing positions. Mouvement Ecologiste Indépendant adheres to centrist politics and so it may include some members who lean towards green conservatism.

Germany

The governing Greens in the state of Baden-Württemberg under Minister-President Winfried Kretschmann have been described as more conservative than their federal counterparts.[33] Indeed, Kretschmann identifies as a green conservative[34] and has been associated with economically liberal viewpoints.[35]

The Green Action Future (GAZ), the predecessor party of the ÖDP, was perceived and criticized in opinion leaders such as Der Spiegel as clearly conservative.[36]

In Germany, the Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) was formed by more right-wing defectors from Die Grünen in 1982. It combined a focus on environmental protection with a promotion of the right to life (opposition to abortion, euthanasia and capital punishment); it differs from The Greens by being less supportive of immigration and restrictions on state powers in criminal justice issues, not focusing on gay and lesbian rights, and having a differing view on feminism. While having never gained seats in federal or state legislatures in Germany, it made a name for itself by its involvement in the opposition to a Czech nuclear reactor in Temelin, across the border from Bavaria. It led an initiative for a popular referendum to abolish the Bavarian Senate (that state's upper house) which was successful. The party won a seat in the 2014 EU Parliament election and remains active.

Greece

Ecologist Greece is a green conservative party.

On 11 September 2009, Georgios Karatzaferis, leader of the far-right nationalist Popular Orthodox Rally (Laos) party announced that Ecologists Greece leader Papanikolas would run on the statewide Laos ticket in the 2009 Greek legislative election.[37]

Hungary

The Green Party of Hungary was founded on 19 November 1989.[來源請求] But when Zoltán Medveczki became Party President in March 1993, the party gradually changed its political position from moderate to radical right-wing. The MZP adopted anti-liberal, anti-communist, anti-Semitic and pro-fascist elements (Ecofascism) to its program and also criticized privatization and market economy. Medveczki also founded and registered the party's paramilitary wing, the Alliance of National Green Youth.[38] It was dissolved in 2011.

Italy

The Greens Greens was founded by Maurizio Lupi, a former member of Christian Democracy and of the Federation of the Greens. In the 2004 provincial elections of Turin the Greens Greens supported the centre-right candidate Franco Botta. In the 2005 Piedmontese regional election the Greens Greens supported the centre-right candidate Enzo Ghigo; the list got 23,761 votes and the 1.16% of the vote. In the 2008 Italian general election Alessandro Lupi ran for the Chamber in The People of Freedom's list, in the division Piedmont 1, but he wasn't elected. In the 2010 Piedmontese regional election the Greens Greens supported the centre-right candidate Roberto Cota, winning the 1.76% of the vote and one seat. In the 2014 Piedmontese regional election the party supported the candidate of Forza Italia Gilberto Pichetto Fratin, but it got only the 0.27% of the vote and no seats.

The Five Star Movement, formed in 2009 and which entered government after the 2018 Italian general election, has an inconsistent history regarding environmentalism. The name of the party originates from its five principles: public water access, sustainable transportation, sustainable development, the right to internet access, and environmentalism. The party has been difficult to classify on a traditional left-right political spectrum, as it incorporates positions and features of both sides. From 2009 to 2015, the party was generally seen as somewhat more left-leaning than right-leaning, owing primarily due to its strong performance among young Italians. However, from 2016 onwards, the party saw an influx of disillusioned right-leaning voters, and the party shifted accordingly, particularly on issues such as immigration. In June 2018, M5S entered into government with Lega Nord, a right-wing populist party. The Five Stars Movement claims to support better management of public water resources, promotes the development of renewable energy resources, opposes the construction of pipelines and disposal of household waste via incinerators, and promotes support for small farms against large agri-business in an effort to preserve Italy's natural landscape and local economies. This can be seen as a form of "green conservatism"; however, the M5S campaign in 2018 rarely featured discussion about the environment, and the party leadership has not signaled that environmentalism will be a priority over the 2018 – 2023 period that they are in power with Lega Nord.[39] In September 2018, M5S supported a deal to keep a highly-polluting steel mill in Castelbuono open, citing employment concerns that trumped environmentalism. The mill was transferred from Ilva to ArcelorMittal. The deal was a violation of promises made in the 2018 election campaign to close the plant, which spewed dioxin into the local environment.[40]

Latvia

In February 2004, after the breakdown of the four-party government, Indulis Emsis of the Latvian Green Party was appointed to form a new government and became the first head of government of a country anywhere in the world from a Green party.[41]

Following the 2014 Latvian parliamentary election, the Union of Greens and Farmers became the third largest party in the country with 21 seats, 6 of which are held by the Latvian Green Party which is the second largest of the 4 parties which form the Union (in terms of the number of seats it holds).

Lithuania

In the 2016 Lithuanian parliamentary election, the Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union became the largest party in a surprise victory with 51 seats.

Following the success of the Farmers and Greens Union at the 2016 election, chairman Ramūnas Karbauskis proposed a grand coalition in combination with a technocratic government focusing on economic growth, including both the center-right Homeland Union and the center-left Social Democratic Party of Lithuania.[42] However, the Homeland Union declined to be part of a coalition in which it would not be needed for the parliamentary majority. Subsequently, the Farmers and Greens Union formed a government with only the Social Democrats.

Portugal

The Portuguese Earth Party (Partido da Terra) is a green conservative[43] political party in Portugal, founded on 12 August 1993.

United Kingdom

In 1970, the Conservative Government of Edward Heath created the United Kingdom's first Department of the Environment.[44]

At the 1988 Conservative Party Conference Margaret Thatcher said, "It’s we Conservatives who are not merely friends of the Earth – we are its guardians and trustees for generations to come. The core of Tory philosophy and for the case for protecting the environment are the same. No generation has a freehold on this earth. All we have is a life tenancy – with a full repairing lease. This Government intends to meet the terms of that lease in full."[45]

In the early 21st century, the Conservative Party under David Cameron promised a green agenda which included proposals designed to impose a tax on workplace car parking spaces, a halt to airport growth, a tax on low fuel efficiency 4x4s and restrictions on car advertising. The measures were suggested by The Quality of Life Policy Group, which was set up by Cameron to help fight climate change.[46] Bright Blue, a liberal conservative think tank launched[何時？] the Green Conservatism project to create conservative support for policies that address climate change.[47]

Cameron spoke of embracing 'green' issues, and had made climate change a key component of his speeches.[48] He called for an independent climate change commission to ensure that emissions reductions targets are met.[49] However, Cameron's claim of leading the "greenest government ever"[50] has been repudiated by Green Party MP Caroline Lucas, who argued that Cameron had "shown little interest in green policy and the sustainability agenda."[51]

Zac Goldsmith, who was the Conservative candidate for London Mayor in 2016, describes himself as an environmentalist. He had received the Global Green Award for International Environmental Leadership in 2004.[52]

Sir Roger Scruton, former professor of philosophy at Oxford and St Andrews, has spoken and written extensively on the need for a Green Conservatism drawing upon a love of place and heritage.

In 2019, Outgoing Prime Minister Theresa May's Conservatives passed plans to become the first major economy to pass new laws that would reduce emissions to net zero by 2050.[53]

Oceania

Australia

The first significant Green conservative in Australia was Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. During his time in office (1975–1983) he legislated significant environmental-protection laws for the Great Barrier Reef while leader of the centre-right Liberal Party as early as the 1970s.[54]

Australian politics became more polemical around the year 2000.[來源請求] Once an uneasy alliance between the Australian Labor Party (the traditional opposition to the Liberal Party) and The Greens had formed, it caused many conservative voters to become suspicious of green politics and so interest in green conservatism waned.

In 2004 the conservative Family First Party aired a television advertisement labelling The Australian Greens as the Extreme Greens.[55] Since then, the continuously increasing anti-conservative dominance within The Greens has led to this label receiving broader use in the media.[56][57] Consequently, green conservatives are entering political parties other than The Greens instead.[來源請求]

As a result of the 2019 water crisis in regional New South Wales, the conservative Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party began espousing some green policies to ensure the availability of fresh water in remote areas.[58] These mostly focused around the controversial Murray Darling Basin plan.[59] However, the party's policy on issues such as greyhound racing conflict with those of many animal rights activists who are often present within green politics.

New Zealand

The Conservative Party of New Zealand has an environmental policy focused around actions within the country that can help the local environment rather than being tied to international agreements.[60] In 2019, the New Zealand National Party supported a New Zealand Labour Party bill that would aiming for net zero emission by 2050.[61]

See also

References

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  49. ^ Cameron urges climate change law. BBC News. 25 October 2006 （英國英語）. 
  50. ^ Randerson, James. Cameron: I want coalition to be the 'greenest government ever'. The Guardian. 14 May 2010. ISSN 0261-3077 （英國英語）. 
  51. ^ Lucas, Caroline. Carbon budget: Could this be the greenest government ever? | Caroline Lucas. The Guardian. 2011-05-17. ISSN 0261-3077 （英國英語）. 
  52. ^ Husbands, Helen. Zac Goldsmith is a 'Great Briton'. Newsquest Regional Press. 31 October 2007. 
  53. ^ Britain's new net zero emissions target becomes law. Reuters. 2019-06-27 [2019-12-07] （英語）. 
  54. ^ Byron Smith. Putting Conservation Back into 'Conservative': Why Climate Change is not Just for the 'Left'. 4 November 2013. 
  55. ^ Kate Arnott. Minor parties fight it out for Victoria's final Senate seat. 1 October 2004. 
  56. ^ Nikki Todd. Family First warns against Greens. 10 November 2007. 
  57. ^ For example: James Massola. Election 2016: Greens' dummy spit over preferences as unedifying as it is hypocritical. 12 June 2016. The Liberal Party's decision to back Labor in the inner city [...] allows the Prime Minister to take a 'principled' stand against the 'extreme' Greens [...]. 
  58. ^ Visentin, Lisa; Koziol, Michael. The wunderkind behind the rise of Shooters, Fishers and Farmers party. The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 March 2019 [1 April 2019]. 
  59. ^ Visentin, Lisa. 'Almost traitorous': Shooters slam One Nation over al-Jazeera gun exposé. The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 March 2019 [1 April 2019]. 
  60. ^ ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY. Conservative Party NZ. [19 September 2017]. 
  61. ^ New Zealand passes law aiming for net zero carbon emissions by 2050. The Globe and Mail. 7 November 2019 [8 December 2019]. 

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