音樂的定義
音樂的定義(英語:definition of music)力求對音樂的基本屬性或本質特徵給出簡潔準確的解釋,涉及定義「音樂」一詞含義的過程。許多權威人士給出了音樂的定義,但事實證明,定義音樂比最初想像的要困難得多,人們對此爭論不休。許多解釋從音樂作為「有組織的聲音」的概念開始,但他們也強調這可能是一個過於寬泛的定義,並列舉了「有組織的聲音」中未被認為是音樂的特例,例如人類語音和存在於自然工業環境中的聲音[1]。此外,文化對音樂認知的影響使定義音樂的問題更加複雜。
《牛津簡明辭典》將「音樂」(music)定義為「結合聲樂或器樂(或兩者)以產生形式之美、和諧和情感表達的藝術」[2]。然而,一些音樂類型,如噪音音樂和具象音樂,通過使用不被廣泛認為是音樂,但具有美感或和諧的聲音來挑戰這類觀點,如隨機產生的電子失真、聲頻反饋、無線電噪聲、嘈雜聲和利用作曲不確定性過程產生的聲音[3][4]。
美國作曲家約翰·凱奇(1912-1992)創作的音樂作品《4分33秒》(1952)經常被引用來反映定義音樂的困境。書面樂譜記錄了三個樂章,表演者出現在舞台上,用手勢或其他方式示意表演開始,然後在整個表演期間不發出任何聲音,用手勢示意各個樂章及整場演出的結束。聽眾只能聽到房間中可能出現的任何環境聲響。一些人認為《4分33秒》不是音樂,因為除其他原因外,它不包含傳統意義上被認為是「音樂」的聲音,作曲家和表演者不能控制和組織聽眾聽到的聲音[5]。另一些人則認為它是音樂,因為傳統意義上的樂聲定義是多餘且武斷的,對聲音組織的控制是由作曲家和表演者通過手勢實現的,他們把聽眾聽到的東西分成特定的章節部分並轉換成聽眾能理解的形式[6]。
音樂的概念
由於音樂基本概念的差異,許多文化的語言中沒有一個可以準確地翻譯「music」的詞,使之匹配西方文化通常理解的概念[7]。因紐特人和大多數北美印第安人的語言都沒有一個關於音樂的一般術語。在阿茲特克人中,古代墨西哥的修辭、詩歌、舞蹈和器樂理論使用納瓦特爾語術語In xochitl-in kwikatl來指代音樂和其他詩歌的語言和非語言元素的複雜組合,並只為歌唱的表達保留Kwikakayotl(或cuicacayotl)一詞。
噪音與音樂
定義
有組織的聲音
語言
Levi R. Bryant對音樂的定義不是一種語言,而是一種基於標記的、解決問題的方法,與數學相當。 [8]
音樂通用
社會建構
具體定義
克利夫頓
納蒂茲
詩意過程 | 審美過程 | |||
作曲家(製作人) | → | 聲音(痕跡) | ← | 聽者(接收者) |
澤納基斯
參見
參考資料
引用
- ^ Kania 2014.
- ^ Concise Oxford Dictionary 1992.
- ^ Priest 2013,132.
- ^ Hagerty 2007.
- ^ Dodd 2013.
- ^ Gann 2010.
- ^ Nettl 2005.
- ^ Ashby 2004,4.
來源
- Ashby, Arved, ed. 2004. The Pleasure of Modernist Music: Listening, Meaning, Intention, Ideology. Eastman Studies in Music 29. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. ISBN 1-58046-143-3.
- Berio, Luciano, Rossana Dalmonte, and Bálint András Varga. 1985. Two Interviews, translated and edited by David Osmond-Smith. New York: Marion Boyars. ISBN 0-7145-2829-3.
- Burton, Russell L. 2015. "The Elements of Music: What Are They, and Who Cares? In Music: Educating for Life: Adelaide, 30 September – 2 October 2015: ASME XXth National Conference Proceedings, edited by Jennifer Rosevear and Susan Harding, 22–28. Parkville, Victoria: The Australian Society for Music Education. ISBN 9780980379242.
- Chou Wen-chung. 1966a. "Open Rather Than Bounded". Perspectives of New Music 5, no. 1 (Autumn–Winter): 1–6.
- Chou Wen-chung. 1966b. "Varèse: A Sketch of the Man and His Music". The Musical Quarterly 52, no. 2 (April): 151–170.
- Clifton, Thomas. 1983. Music as Heard: A Study in Applied Phenomenology. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02091-0.
- The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Allen, R. E., ed. 1992. Clarendon Press. Oxford: 781
- Dodd, Julian. 2013. "Is John Cage's 4′33″ Music?". You Tube/Tedx (accessed 14 July 2014).
- Gann, Kyle. 2010. No Such Thing as Silence: John Cage's 4′33″. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300136994.
- Goldman, Richard Franko. 1961. "Varèse: Ionisation; Density 21.5; Intégrales; Octandre; Hyperprism; Poème Electronique. Instrumentalists, cond. Robert Craft. Columbia MS 6146 (stereo)" (in Reviews of Records). The Musical Quarterly 47, no. 1. (January):133–134.
- Hegarty, Paul, 2007. Noise/Music: A History. Continuum International Publishing Group. London: 3-19
- Kania, Andrew. 2014. "The Philosophy of Music", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2014 edition, edited by Edward N. Zalta.
- Leon-Portilla, Miguel. 2007. "La música de los aztecas / Music Among Aztecs", Pauta, no. 103:7–19.
- Levitin, Daniel J. 2006. This Is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession. New York: Dutton. ISBN 0-525-94969-0.
- Molino, Jean. 1975. "Fait musical et sémiologue de la musique", Musique en jeu, no. 17:37–62.
- Nattiez, Jean-Jacques. 1990. Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music, translated by Carolyn Abbate. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09136-6.
- Nettl, Bruno. 1989. Blackfoot Musical Thought: Comparative Perspectives. Ohio: The Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-370-2.
- Nettl, Bruno. 2005. "The Art of Combining Tones: The Music Concept". The Study of Ethnomusicology. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, pp. 26–37 ISBN 0-252-07278-2.
- Priest, Eldritch. 2013. Boring Formless Nonsense: Experimental Music and The Aesthetics of Failure. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781441122131.
- Robertson–de Carbo, Carol Elizabeth. 1976. "Tayil as Category and Communication among the Argentine Mapuche: A Methodological Suggestion". Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council 8:35–42.
- Rosch, Eleanor. 1973. "Natural Categories". Cognitive Psychology 4, no. 3 (May): 328–350.
- Sakata, Lorraine. 1983. Music in the Mind, The Concepts of Music and Musicians in Afghanistan. Kent: Kent State University Press. ISBN 087338265X
- Schafer, R. Murray. 1996. "Music and the Soundscape", in Classic Essays on Twentieth-Century Music: A Continuing Symposium, edited by Richard Kostelanetz and Joseph Darby, with Matthew Santa, pp. 221-231 New York: Schirmer Books; London: Prentice Hall International. ISBN 0-02-864581-2 (pbk).
- Varèse, Edgard, and Chou Wen-chung. 1966. "The Liberation of Sound". Perspectives of New Music 5, no. 1 (Autumn–Winter): 11–19.
- Watson, Ben. n.d. "Noise as Permanent Revolution". [需要完整來源]
- Xenakis, Iannis. 1971. Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press.
延伸閱讀
- Cage, John. An Autobiographical Statement. johncage.org. [2022-10-17]. (原始內容存檔於2015-03-12). Originally published in Southwest Review, 1991.(英文)
- Gutmann, P. (2015). "John Cage and the Avant-Garde: The Sounds of Silence}, classicalnotes.net. Retrieved 2 December 2015. (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)(英文)
- Kennedy, Michael. 1985. The Oxford Dictionary of Music, revised and enlarged edition of The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music, third edition, 1980. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-311333-6; ISBN 978-0-19-869162-4.(英文)
- List, George. 1985. "Hopi Melodic Concepts". Journal of the American Musicological Society 38, no. 1 (Spring): 143–152.(英文)
- Little, William, and C. T. Onions, eds. 1965. The Oxford Universal Dictionary Illustrated: An illustrated Edition of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, third edition, revised, 2 vols. London: The Caxton Publishing Co.(英文)
- Merriam-webster.com,. (2015). music (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館): "sounds that are sung by voices or played on musical instruments." Retrieved 1 December 2015.(英文)
- Nettl, Bruno. 2001. "Music". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.(英文)
外部連結
- 維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源:音樂的定義
- What is Music? (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) - 馬塞爾·科布森對歷史上發現的一些定義進行了簡述。
- MusicNovatory.com (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) - 音樂科學,一種生成性的音樂理論。