沉底競賽

沉底競賽（英語：Race to the bottom），又譯向下沉淪，競次^[1]^[2]^[3]；指的是政府放鬆對商業環境的管制以及降低稅率，目的是增加各自國家或地區的經濟活力和投資吸引力^[4]。

政府這種放鬆管制的做法降低了企業的經營成本，因而位於勞動力成本較高、環境標準較嚴或稅收較高的國家/地區的企業可能會遷移至監管較少的國家和地區，這反過來又使勞動力成本較高的國家試圖降低監管，藉此希望該國的企業能繼續留在境內，這會推動各國競相降低最低監管標準^[5]。

參考文獻

^ 焦点：美国贸易代表提名人戴琪支持使用关税武器反制中国. 路透社. 2021-02-26 [2023-12-29]. 終結損害勞工及環境的「競次(race to the bottom)」做法
^ Hannon, Paul; Davidson, Kate. 美国提出的全球最低企业税率赢得国际支持. 華爾街日報. 2021-07-05 [2023-12-29]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-29）. 今天由佔全球GDP 90%以上的130個國家和地區達成的協議是一個明確的信號：競次(race to the bottom)離結束又近了一步。
^ 馬曉華. 許雲峰 , 編. 胡颖廉：食安监管关注底线也应重视上限. 第一財經. 2017-06-02 [2023-12-29]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-29）. 而忽視了安全的質量，這樣會帶來一個問題，就是競次(race to bottom)
^ C.W. Racing to the bottom. The Economist. 27 November 2013 [15 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-24）. But the race to the bottom operates more subtly than most people suppose. The regressions suggest that while countries do compete with each other by instituting laws that are unfriendly to workers, such competition is not that pronounced. The real problem is that countries compete by enforcing labour laws less vigorously than they might—leading to increases in violations of labour rights prescribed in local laws. Competition between countries to attract investment is less in rules than in their practical application.
^ 「The Politics of Multinational Corporations.」 International Political Economy, by Thomas Oatley, 6th ed., Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019, pp. 183–207.

[1] 焦点：美国贸易代表提名人戴琪支持使用关税武器反制中国. 路透社. 2021-02-26 [2023-12-29]. 終結損害勞工及環境的「競次(race to the bottom)」做法

[2] Hannon, Paul; Davidson, Kate. 美国提出的全球最低企业税率赢得国际支持. 華爾街日報. 2021-07-05 [2023-12-29]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-29）. 今天由佔全球GDP 90%以上的130個國家和地區達成的協議是一個明確的信號：競次(race to the bottom)離結束又近了一步。

[3] 馬曉華. 許雲峰 , 編. 胡颖廉：食安监管关注底线也应重视上限. 第一財經. 2017-06-02 [2023-12-29]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-29）. 而忽視了安全的質量，這樣會帶來一個問題，就是競次(race to bottom)

[Economist_2013-4] C.W. Racing to the bottom. The Economist. 27 November 2013 [15 March 2016]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-24）. But the race to the bottom operates more subtly than most people suppose. The regressions suggest that while countries do compete with each other by instituting laws that are unfriendly to workers, such competition is not that pronounced. The real problem is that countries compete by enforcing labour laws less vigorously than they might—leading to increases in violations of labour rights prescribed in local laws. Competition between countries to attract investment is less in rules than in their practical application.

[5] 「The Politics of Multinational Corporations.」 International Political Economy, by Thomas Oatley, 6th ed., Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019, pp. 183–207.

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