美國總統外號列表
维基媒体列表条目
- 美國的德塔列朗(The American Talleyrand)[27]
- 謹慎的荷蘭人((The Careful Dutchman)): [28]范布倫的母語是荷蘭語。
- 萬人迷(The Enchanter)[28]
- 偉大的經理(The Great Manager)[28]
- 大師精神(The Master Spirit)[28]
- 馬丁·范·毀滅(Martin Van Ruin)[28]
- 馬蒂·范(Matty Van):源於《1840年蒂珀卡努歌曲集》(Tippecanoe Songs of 1840) [29]
- 槲寄生政客(The Mistletoe Politician):范布倫的美國輝格黨政敵田納西的Joseph Peyton取的這個外號,後者指責范布倫說「馬丁·范·布倫就是個政治寄生蟲,寄生在一棵老山核桃樹(指安德魯·傑克遜)上,他的高度、生長,不,他的存在,都要依賴一棵老山核桃樹(指安德魯·傑克遜)。 [30]
- 老金德胡克(Old Kinderhook),縮寫為OK:金德胡克是范布倫的故鄉。[31]
- 金德胡克紅狐(Red Fox of Kinderhook):指的是范布倫的頭髮顏色以及故鄉金德胡克。[32]
- 小魔術師(The Little Magician):范布倫在紐約州從政期間得到的外號,既指他的政治事業順利平穩,又指他身材矮小[33][34]。
- 意外閣下(His Accidency):該外號由泰勒的政敵所起;泰勒是第一位在前任總統(哈里森)死於任上後接替他的職務的美國總統[36]。
- 田納西裁縫(The Tennessee Tailor):約翰遜在從政前是個裁縫[52]。
- 關稅保護拿破崙(The Napoleon of Protection):麥金萊曾制定過相當高的稅率,比如他在1890年就制定了一次高關稅[67]。
- 搖擺不定的沃倫(Wobbly Warren)[79]
- 謹慎的卡爾(Cautious Cal)[80]
- 冷靜的卡爾(Cool Cal)[81]:柯立芝的連任選舉口號是「與柯立芝一起保持冷靜」(Keep It Cool With Coolidge)。
- 大工程師(The Great Engineer)、偉大的人道主義者(The Great Humanitarian):胡佛的本行是土木工程,能力突出,1927年密西西比河洪災發生後,被淹農田面積達上千英畝,胡佛參與抗洪。第二個外號有諷刺意味,大蕭條期間,外界認為胡佛對美國人民的困苦置若罔聞,過於冷漠。但是,「偉大的人道主義者」這個外號能追溯至1921年,美國救濟管理局在胡佛的領導下拯救了上百萬俄羅斯饑荒災民的生命。記者沃爾特·李普曼在1922年5月的《紐約世界報》上如此評價胡佛為俄羅斯災民所做的一切:「也許全世界沒有第二個人能做這麼多了」。[84][85]
- 領隊(The Chief):胡佛23歲時曾在澳大利亞內陸地區調查地質,胡佛的這個外號後來被別人叫了一輩子。[86]
- 艾克(Ike)[92]:艾森豪威爾的總統競選口號是「我喜歡艾克」(I like Ike)。
- 大話約翰遜(Bullshit Johnson)[94],公開場合下省略為「Bull Johnson」:約翰遜在德克薩斯州立大學讀書時喜歡吹噓。
- 壓倒性勝利約翰遜(Landslide Johnson)[95]:諷刺性外號,指的是1948年的13號票箱醜聞,當時約翰遜以87票的優勢當選參議院議員,引發爭議,1964年總統選舉過後,約翰遜的支持者把這個名字變成了個褒義外號。
- 燈泡林登(Light-Bulb Lyndon)[96]:約翰遜厭惡浪費電的行為,總是會氣沖沖地在白宮裏到處走動,關掉不必要的電燈。
- LBJ[97][97]:約翰遜喜歡別人用自己的全名首字母縮寫來稱呼他,他的競選口號也使用了這個外號:「與LBJ勇往直前」(All the way with LBJ);後來,美國反越戰政治口號也用了這個外號:「嗨,嗨,LBJ,今天你又害死了多少孩子?」(Hey,hey,LBJ,how many kids did you kill today?」[94]
- 狡猾的迪克(Tricky Dick):1950年加利福尼亞州聯邦參議員選舉前,一民主黨廣告如此寫道:「請看『狡猾迪克』尼克遜的劣跡」(Look at 『Tricky Dick』Nixon’s Republican Record)[98]
- 荷蘭人(Dutch):里根出生後不久,他父親說他長得像個「小胖荷蘭人」(fat little Dutchman);在青年時代,里根又留過小聽差髮型,這是一種荷蘭男孩常留的髮型,這使得人們更喜歡用這個外號稱呼他了[105][105][106][107]。
- 棒棒的對話人(The Great Communicator):里根能言善辯[108][109]。
- The Gipper:里根曾在電影克努特·羅克尼中扮演大學欖球運動員喬治·吉佩。喬治·吉佩總用「為了Gipper贏一場」(Win one for the Gipper)這句話來激勵隊友[110]。
- 特富龍總統(The Teflon President)[111]:議員帕特·施羅德所起的外號,因為里根沒有任何負面新聞,他就像塗了聚四氟乙烯塗層的平底鍋一樣沾不上任何負面新聞;在美國民眾看來,里根的形象一直光鮮亮麗[109]。
- 床破、唐床破:中文網友根據特朗普的英文名字Donald Trump的諧音起的外號[129]。
- 川建國:川來源自當勞·特朗普的中文譯名川普,而當勞·特朗普生於1946年,許多與川普同齡的中國男性名字中含有「建國」二字,意思為建設新中國。當勞·特朗普上任後引發的中美貿易戰以及一系列美國對中華人民共和國的制裁觸發中國國內的愛國主義,中國愛國者認為當勞·特朗普的一系列做法只會讓中國更團結,更好建設中國[130]。
- 懂王:來源於根據特朗普演說時的口頭禪「沒有誰比我更懂(事物)」(英語:Nobody Knows More[...]better than me)[131],引發了一系列網絡迷因,因此得此外號。
參考文獻
- ^ 美国总统轶事---个性鲜明的总统“外号”. [2023-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus: The Perfect Leader. Parcon Research. (原始內容存檔於2007-09-27).
"It's easy to see why history sometimes refers to George Washington as "the American Cincinnatus". Washington too did great things then went back to his farm".
- ^ Anderson House History. Societyofthecincinnati.org. [2008-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2008-09-29).
- ^ Ford, Paul Leicester. The True George Washington: Soldier: Strategy. J.B. Lippincott. 1896.
"His great caution in respect to the enemy, acquired him the name of the American Fabius." (蒂莫西·皮克林)
- ^ Introduction. PBS: Rediscovering George Washington. 2002. (原始內容存檔於2013-02-16).
- ^ Jefferson, Thomas; Bergh, Albert Ellery; Lipscomb, Andrew Adgate. The writings of Thomas Jefferson Volume 13. Ulan Press. 2012-08-31: xxiv.
- ^ Latham, Edward. A Dictionary of Names Nicknames and Surnames of Persons Places and Things. London: George Routledge & Sons LTD. 1904: 63 [2013-07-11].
A surname given to John Adams ... in allusion to his earnest and persevering efforts towards colonial independence in the Continental Congress. Sometimes also called the Colossus of the Revolution.
- ^ Freeman, A. The Principles and Acts of Mr. Adams' Administration. Concord, New Hampshire: New Hampshire Journal Office. 1828: 5 [2013-07-11].
Yes, John Adams, whom Jefferson pronounced the 'Colossus of Independence,' and who died with the motto 'Independence forever!' on his lips, 'probably desired independence.' So say William Badger and Francis N. Fisk. Shall we believe them? We will — not withstanding the doubt which their expression implies.
- ^ Andrew Delahunty. Oxford dictionary of nicknames. Internet Archive (Oxford University Press). 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-860539-3.
- ^ French, Daniel Chester. Biography of John Adams. 美國參議院. [2012-10-31]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-12).
... the folds of material at the bottom of the vest suggest the girth that led Adams to be dubbed 'His Rotundity.'
- ^ Green, Thomas Marshall. Historic Families of Kentucky. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co. 1889: 73.
- ^ 1743-1826 Thomas Jefferson. Miller Center of Public Affairs, 弗吉尼亞大學. (原始內容存檔於2018-11-18).
- ^ Dumas Malone. The Sage of Monticello. Jefferson and His Time 6. Little, Brown. 1981. ISBN 0-316-54463-9.
- ^ Brant, Irving. Mr. Madison's War. Time. 1961-11-03. (原始內容存檔於2007-11-13).
The enemies of the fourth President of the U.S. called him 'little Jemmy,' or 'his little majesty,' or 'withered little apple-John.'
- ^ Kane, Joseph. Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. 1994: 344–45. ISBN 0-8242-0845-5.
- ^ The LOC.GOV Wise Guide : Who's the Father of the Constitution?. 國會圖書館 (美國). [2016-12-27]. (原始內容存檔於2011-01-20).
- ^ Sheehan, Colleen. James Madison: Father of the Constitution. The Heritage Foundation. 2013-04-08 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-26).
- ^ 18.0 18.1 1758-1831 James Monroe. Miller Center of Public Affairs, 弗吉尼亞大學. (原始內容存檔於2018-01-03).
Era-of-Good-Feelings President
- ^ Presidents of the United States (POTUS). Ipl.org. [2013-04-23]. (原始內容存檔於2013-05-01).
- ^ Digital History, Steven Mintz. Digital History. Digitalhistory.uh.edu. [2010-04-20]. (原始內容存檔於2010-07-23).
- ^ Skidmore, Max J. After the White House : former presidents as private citizens. Palgrave Macmillan. 2004: 39. ISBN 9780312295592.
- ^ Boller, Paul F. Jr. Presidential Campaigns. New York: 牛津大學出版社. 1984: 45. ISBN 0-19-503420-1.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Latham, Edward. A Dictionary of Names, Nicknames and Surnames, of Persons, Places and Things. G. Routledge & Sons. 1904: 220. OCLC 1038938.
- ^ Gordon, John Steele. An Inauguration for the People. 華爾街日報. 2009-01-20 [2009-01-20]. (原始內容存檔於2021-10-18).
- ^ King Andrew the First. www.loc.gov. 1833-09-16 [2020-09-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
- ^ Stamp, Jimmy. Political Animals: Republican Elephants and Democratic Donkeys. 史密森尼 (雜誌). [2018-07-09]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-03) (英語).
- ^ Boller, Paul F. Jr. Presidential Diversions. 2007: 63. ISBN 978-0151006120.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 Widmer, Ted; Widmer, Edward L. Martin Van Buren: The American Presidents Series. Macmillan. 2005: 4.
- ^ Norton, Anthony Banning. The Great Revolution of 1840. hansebooks. 1888: 74. ISBN 9783337234713.
- ^ Warshauer, Matthew. Andrew Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law 2nd. University of Tennessee Press. 2007-08-15: 108. ISBN 978-1572336247.
- ^ What is the origin of the word 'OK'?. 牛津大學出版社. [2012-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2012-01-06).
- ^ The Wise Guide : The Red Fox of Kinderhook. www.loc.gov. [2020-09-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-04).
- ^ Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren. C-Span. 1999-05-03 [2012-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2013-01-12).
- ^ Today in History: December 5. Library of Congress. [2012-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2016-08-21).
- ^ Johnson, David. American History: 1840 U.S. Presidential Campaign. History.net. 2006-06-12. (原始內容存檔於2022-08-30).
While the Democrats adopted a platform denouncing federal assumption of state debts, opposing internal improvements, and calling for separation of public money from banking institutions, Weed decided to keep Harrison quiet and emphasize his war-hero record and humble character. The Democrats took aim at Harrison's silence, calling him 'General Mum'.
- ^ John Tyler. The White House. [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2009-01-15).
- ^ Dehmer, Emliee. Stump Speaking at Knoxville. Tennessee State Museum. 2021-02-18 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
- ^ 1795-1849 James K. Polk. Miller Center of Public Affairs, 弗吉尼亞大學. 2016-09-26 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-04-20).
Nickname: 'Young Hickory'
- ^ 1800 - 1874 MILLARD FILLMORE. Miller Center of Public Affairs, 弗吉尼亞大學. 2016-09-26 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-04-20).
- ^ Nichols, Roy. Franklin Pierce: Young Hickory of the Granite Hills. American Political Biography Press. 1993-08-01. ISBN 978-0945707066.
- ^ Ayres, Thomas. That's Not in My American History Book: A Compilation of Little Known Events and Forgotten Heroes. Taylor Trade Publications. 2004-01-01 [2016-12-27]. ISBN 9781589791077.
- ^ McClintock, Russell. Rethinking the Old Public Functionary. The New York Times. 2010-12-30 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-20).
- ^ 43.0 43.1 Townsend, Malcolm. Handbook of United States Political History for Readers and Students. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company. 1910: 340.
old buck.
- ^ Townsend, Malcolm. Handbook of United States Political History for Readers and Students. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company. 1910: 340.
old buck.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. James Buchanan. [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2015-06-10).
- ^ Why Lincoln?. Association of Lincoln Presenters. [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2007-09-28). Association of Lincoln Presenters, Lincoln Quotes, "LINCOLN had many nicknames such as Honest Abe, the Railsplitter, the Liberator, the Emancipator, the Ancient One, the Martyr".
- ^ Wakeman, Wilber Fisk. The Internet Archive. The Defender (American Economist). 1912-03-08 [2011-12-05].
- ^ Fench, Charles Wallace. Abraham Lincoln: The Liberator. New York Funk & Wagnalls. 1891 [2011-12-05].
- ^ Boyer, Paul; Stuckey, Sterling. American Nation: In the Modern Era. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. 2005.
- ^ Abraham Lincoln: 1862-1864 - Part 2. Sparknotes. [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2017-12-02).
"During a time of war, the executive always plays a stronger role than usual, and Lincoln was no exception to this rule. His uncompromising style as commander- in-chief, coupled with his ambitious domestic program to preserve and further the Union, earned him the nickname of "the tycoon".
- ^ Lincoln's Sense of Humor. America's Story from America's Library, 國會圖書館 (美國). [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-31).
Refers to a song about Lincoln called, "Hey! Uncle Abe, are you joking yet?"
- ^ Ivey, Jennie; Dickinson, Calvin; Rand, Lisa. Tennessee Tales the Textbooks Don't Tell. The Overmountain Press. 2002-08-01: 50. ISBN 978-1-57072-235-6.
- ^ Simon, John Y. Ulysses S. Grant. Britannica. [2021-07-12]. (原始內容存檔於2023-08-03).
- ^ http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh/AMH-10.htm
|chapterurl=
缺少標題 (幫助). American Military History. Army Historical Series. 美國陸軍軍事歷史中心. 1989: 213. (原始內容存檔於2007-12-12). - ^ Barnard, Harry. Rutherford Hayes and his America. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. 1954: 402–403. ISBN 978-0-945707-05-9.
- ^ Boller, Paul F. Jr. Presidential Campaigns. New York: 牛津大學出版社. 1984: 143. ISBN 0-19-503420-1.
- ^ Bausum, Ann. Our Country's Presidents. 國家地理學會. 2017: 98. ISBN 978-1-4263-2685-1.
- ^ 58.0 58.1 Reeves, Thomas C. Gentleman Boss . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1975: 418. ISBN 0-394-46095-2.
- ^ Chester A. Arthur Quick Facts. Encarta. (原始內容存檔於2009-04-25).
Chester Arthur was fond of fine clothes and entertainment, earning him the nicknames 'Dude President,' 'Elegant Arthur,' and 'Prince Arthur'.
- ^ Forman, Alex. Tall, Slim & Erect: Grover Cleveland, 22nd-24th. [2007-05-02]. (原始內容存檔於2007-10-09).
- ^ Walters, Ryan S. The Last Jeffersonian: Grover Cleveland and the Path to Restoring the Republic. WestBow Press. 2012-02-28. ISBN 9781449740498 (英語).
- ^ Roberts, Robert North; Hammond, Scott J.; Sulfaro, Valerie A. Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms: The Complete Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2012. ISBN 9780313380921 (英語).
- ^ Chieko Moore, Anne. Hale, Hester Anne , 編. Benjamin Harrison: Centennial President. Nova Publishers. 2006: 69, 178. ISBN 9781600210662.
- ^ Edelstein, Robert. WAS THIS PRESIDENT TRULY A "HUMAN ICEBERG"?. Watson Adventures. 2018-09-25 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
"He was known as the "Human Iceberg" because he was stiff and formal when dealing with people".
- ^ Freidel, Frank; Sidney, Hugh. Benjamin Harrison. White House. 2006 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-29).
- ^ Freidel, Frank; Sidney, Hugh. Benjamin Harrison. White House. 2006 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-29).
- ^ DeMatteo, Arthur E. Book Reviews. Northeast Ohio Journal of History. 2005. (原始內容存檔於2007-11-30).
- ^ Knowing the Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt. Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-03).
- ^ Merritt, Harry. Review: The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War By Edward J. Renehan, Jr.. Nonfiction Book Page. 1998. (原始內容存檔於1999-04-29).
Within six months, Roosevelt, "the Lion" was dead
- ^ Tammany Denounces Gov. Roosevelt; Col. Gardiner's Removal Called "Infamous" and "Cowardly." Ex-District Attorney Weeps; The General Committee Organizes for the Next Campaign by Electing Permanent Officers (PDF). 紐約時報. 1900-12-28 [2023-02-16]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-10-03).
- ^ Gould, Lewis L. Teddy, Teddy, enough already. Oxford University Press. 2012-02-20 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
Anyone who spends time with the extensive historical literature on Theodore Roosevelt recognizes that he abhorred his public nickname.
- ^ The American Experience/TR's Legacy/Environment. 公共廣播電視公司. [2008-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2008-12-24).
- ^ Oremus, Will. RFK, DSK, OBL, WTF?. Slate. 2012-06-11 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-03).
And Franklin’s distant cousin, Theodore Roosevelt, may have been the first president to go by his initials in headlines, though in his case there were only two.
- ^ Theodore Roosevelt: Icon of the American Century (新聞稿). 2000-03-20 [January 14, 2009]. (原始內容存檔於March 22, 2009).
- ^ Goodwin, Doris Kearns. The Bully Pulpit. Simon & Schuster. 2013.
- ^ Renstrom, Peter G. The Taft Court. ABC-CLIO. 2003: 186. ISBN 9781576072806.
- ^ William Howard Taft. Hoover.archives.gov. [2008-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2009-01-14).
- ^ 78.0 78.1 Safire, William. Safire's Political Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2008: 409. ISBN 978-0-19-534334-2.
- ^ Rubel, David. Scholastic Encyclopedia of the Presidents and Their Times . New York: Scholastic Inc. 1994: 133. ISBN 9780590493666.
- ^ Baily, Thomas A.; Kennedy, David M. The American Pageant 10th. D.C. Heath and Company. 1994. ISBN 0-669-33892-3.
- ^ Miller, John J. Rebirth of Cool Cal. 理性 (雜誌). 1998-12-01. (原始內容存檔於2017-04-20).
- ^ Brands, H. W. Review of Calvin Coolidge (David Greenberg). 華盛頓郵報. 2007-01-21 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-07).
- ^ Kaston, Carren. 'Silent Cal' Revisited. 國會圖書館 (美國). 1995-10-30 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
- ^ Hoover Dam. Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region. 2022-07-13 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-10).
Hoover, "known early in his career as "The Great Engineer", was now popularized as "The Great Humanitarian" for his "relief efforts in America's stricken heartland".
- ^ Patenaude, Bertrand. The Big Show in Bololand. Stanford Program on International and Cross-cultural Education. 2002. (原始內容存檔於2011-05-19).
- ^ The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. Hoover.archives.gov. [2008-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2008-05-15).
- ^ 1882 - 1945 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. Miller Center of Public Affairs, 弗吉尼亞大學. 2016-09-26 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-04).
Nickname: 'FDR'
- ^ Barrett, John Q. "That One" & "That Man". George Washington University Columbian College of Arts & Sciences. [2016-12-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-21).
- ^ From the Museum. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. 2011-06-02 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-03-20).
- ^ Donovan, Robert J. Conflict & Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman 1945-1948 Reprint. University of Missouri Press. 1996: 20 [2009-03-08]. ISBN 978-0-8262-1066-1.
- ^ Harry S Truman. 獨立報 (英國) (London). 2009-01-20 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2009-02-25).
- ^ Snoke, Elizabeth R. Dwight D. Eisenhower: a centennial biography. Command and General Staff College, 美國陸軍. 1990 [2008-11-03]. (原始內容存檔於2008-10-26).
- ^ 93.0 93.1 1917 - 1963 JOHN F. KENNEDY. Miller Center of Public Affairs, 弗吉尼亞大學. 2016-09-26 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-05-31).
Nicknames: 'JFK', 'Jack'
- ^ 94.0 94.1 Caro, Robert A. [[:The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power|The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power]]. Vintage Books. 1990: 160. ISBN 978-0-679-72945-7. 網址-維基內鏈衝突 (幫助)
- ^ Broder, David S. HOW 'LANDSLIDE LYNDON' EARNED HIS NAME. The Washington Post. 1990-03-04 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-17).
- ^ The President's News Conference. The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara. 1964-04-11 [2022-08-30].
- ^ 97.0 97.1 1908 - 1973 LYNDON B. JOHNSON. Miller Center of Public Affairs, 弗吉尼亞大學. 2016-09-26 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-29).
- ^ Mitchell, Greg. Chapter One: Tricky Dick and the Pink Lady. 紐約時報. 1998 [2013-04-21]. (原始內容存檔於2017-11-07).
- ^ Cannon, James. Character Above All: Gerald Ford Essay. PBS.org. [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-07-30).
- ^ Thomas, Evan. Gerald Ford, President Nice Guy. The New York Times. 2018-06-26 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
- ^ MR. Nice Guy. Richmond Times-Dispatch (Richmond, Virginia). 2003-12-03: 12.
- ^ Leddy, Chuck. Examining Gerald Ford's 'nice guy' legacy. Boston.com. 2007-02-14 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
- ^ Andy Rooney. Andy Rooney on Presidential Nicknames. 60分鐘. 2010-09-26. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-29).
- ^ Sidey, Hugh. The Question Now: Who Carter?. 時代雜誌. 1977-12-12 [2007-04-20]. (原始內容存檔於2007-04-28).
- ^ 105.0 105.1 The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Reagan.utexas.edu. [2013-04-23]. (原始內容存檔於2015-03-11).
- ^ Photo of young "Dutch" Reagan at Wikimedia Commons.
- ^ Ronald Reagan, 1911–2004. 'Small Town to Tinseltown'. 有線電視新聞網. 2004 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-19).
- ^ Ronald Reagan: The 'Great Communicator'. CNN. 2004-06-08 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
- ^ 109.0 109.1 Schroeder, Patricia. Nothing stuck to 'Teflon President'. 今日美國. 2004-06-06 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2011-08-05).
- ^ How Reagan got his Gipper nickname. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2004-06-08 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2017-09-01).
- ^ Rosenbaum, David E. Working Mother. 紐約時報. [2023-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2017-10-02).
- ^ American Experience. 公共廣播電視公司. [2008-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2008-11-06).
- ^ 113.0 113.1 Neuman, Johanna. Bush to Obama: A private letter. 洛杉磯時報. 2009-01-20 [2023-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2021-09-24).
- ^ Berke, Richard. Million-Dollar Team Keeping Bush Campaign in the Money. 紐約時報. 1988-05-23.
- ^ Brown, Patricia. The First Lady-Elect: What She Is and Isn't. 紐約時報. 1988-12-11.
- ^ Hodges, Sam. THAT'S 'MR. BUBBA' TO YOU, BUBBA. Orlando Sentinel. 1992-04-19 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
- ^ Amy Herstek. Clinton thanks New Hampshire for making him the 'Comeback Kid'. 有線電視新聞網. 2001-01-11 [2007-04-29]. (原始內容存檔於2007-10-17).
Borger, Julian. Thinner and frailer, the Comeback Kid puts heart into Kerry's campaign. 衛報 (London). 2004-10-26 [2007-04-29]. - ^ Hiaasen, Carl. Why they call Bill Clinton 'Big Dog'(Opinion). 邁阿密先鋒報. 2012-09-08 [2012-11-30]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-02).
- ^ Stirewalt, Chris. Bubba Stumps - Has The Big Dog Lost His Bite?. 福克斯新聞. 2010-10-27 [2012-11-30]. (原始內容存檔於2012-11-18).
- ^ Grimes, David. Dubya's nickname could be worse. The Journal Record (Oklahoma City). 2001-02-01 [2010-03-25]. (原始內容存檔於2008-11-07).
- ^ Weisberg, Jacob. The Bush tragedy . New York: Random House. October 2008: 6. ISBN 9781400066780.
dubya.
- ^ Cohen, Richard. Thanks to no-drama Obama, American leadership is gone. 華盛頓郵報. 2016-12-26 [2016-12-27]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-03).
- ^ Pape, Eric. Hail to the Chief: A Statistical Portrait of the Obama Presidency. 觀察家報. 2016-12-07 [2016-12-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
- ^ Mooney, Alexander. Obama's vetting could chase away candidates. 有線電視新聞網. 2008-11-22 [2013-04-06]. (原始內容存檔於2023-04-05).
- ^ Shone, Tom. Review: In the new Netflix biopic, 'Barry,' the real Obama remains hidden. 新聞周刊. 2016-12-16 [2016-12-27]. (原始內容存檔於2023-05-31).
- ^ Golash-Boza, Tanya. 'Deporter in chief' Obama has alienated Latino voters. Al Jazeera America. 2014-11-01 [2020-11-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-05-30).
- ^ Wagner, Meg. President Obama deported record number of undocumented immigrants, despite what Donald Trump says. 紐約每日新聞. 2016-09-01 [2021-10-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-01).
- ^ 奥巴马八年与中国交集:还记得“奥观海”吗?-搜狐新闻. news.sohu.com. [2023-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).
- ^ 社评:中国须有对付美国“床破”们的“鹰”. 環球網. [2023-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16) (中文(中國大陸)).
- ^ 130.0 130.1 美国大选2020:中国民众隔岸观火, “川建国”VS“拜振华”之战中自娱自乐. BBC News 中文. [2023-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16) (中文(簡體)).
- ^ 特朗普“懂王”合集. 文化讀書_鳳凰網. 2020-11-09 [2023-08-26]. (原始內容存檔於2023-08-26) (中文).
- ^ Hallemann, Carolina. How Joe Biden Went from Middle-Class Joe to a Millionaire. Town & Country (magazine). 2021-05-19 [2021-09-16]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-21).
- ^ Pindell, James. Trump's 'Sleepy Joe' nickname for Biden isn't working. Even Trump knows it. The Boston Globe. 2020-07-02 [2021-01-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-06-03) (美國英語).
- ^ 134.0 134.1 Panetta, Grace. Trump slams Joe Biden as 'mentally weak,' calling him '1% Joe' and saying he's 'slower than he used to be'. Business Insider. 2019-06-11 [2020-02-11]. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-14).
- ^ Dawber, Alistair. 寫於斯克蘭頓 (賓夕法尼亞州). View from Sleepy Joe Biden's home town: he's done what everyone else talked about. 星期日泰晤士報 (London). 2021-08-22 [2023-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16) (英國英語).
- ^ Kilgore, Ed. You've reached your monthly article limit.. New York Magazine. 2019-06-28 [2022-08-30]. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-16).