皮膚感染

皮膚感染(英語:Skin infection)是指人類或其他動物皮膚受到感染。皮膚感染不僅會影響皮膚,它還會影響相關的軟組織,例如蜂窩組織黏膜[來源請求]皮膚感染包括一類稱為皮膚和皮膚結構感染(SSSI)(也稱為皮膚和軟組織感染(SSTI)[1]或急性細菌性SSSI(ABSSSI))的感染。[2]皮膚感染不同於皮炎(發生在皮膚的炎症),[3][4]雖然皮膚感染可能導致皮炎。[5]

成因

細菌

 
蜂窩組織炎示例,左腿3+水腫

2013年,細菌性皮膚感染影響了約1.55億人,而其中蜂窩組織炎約有6億人感染。[6]常見的細菌性皮膚感染包括:

真菌

真菌性皮膚感染可能表現為皮膚、毛髮指甲的淺表或深層感染。足菌腫是一大類真菌感染,其特徵是起源於足部的皮膚和皮下組織。[18]如果沒有及時進行適當地治療,足菌腫感染可以擴展到更深的組織,如骨骼關節,導致骨髓炎[19]廣泛的骨髓炎可能需要手術切除骨甚至下肢截肢。[19]截止至2010年,它們影響了全球約10億人。[20]常見的真菌性皮膚感染包括:

  • 皮膚癬菌病,也稱為,是由幾種不同種類的真菌引起的皮膚淺表真菌感染。引起人類皮膚感染的真菌屬包括毛癬菌屬表皮癬菌屬小孢癬菌屬[21]雖然皮膚癬菌病是世界範圍內相當常見的真菌性皮膚感染,但它在濕度環境溫度高的地區更為普遍。[21]據估計,全世界大約20至25%的人受到淺表真菌感染的影響,其中皮膚癬菌病佔主導地位。[22]
  • 口腔念珠菌病,通常稱為鵝口瘡,是一種主要由白色念珠菌引起的真菌感染,它主要影響口腔和舌頭的黏膜。[23]白色念珠菌約佔口腔念珠菌病病例的95%。[23]這種真菌是正常口腔菌群的一部分,只有當宿主免疫系統和微生物群屏障受損時才會引起感染,從而為白色念珠菌提供過度生長的機會。[24]據估計,全世界每年約有200萬人受到口腔念珠菌病的影響。[25]
  • 甲癬是一種真菌感染,主要影響腳趾甲。[26]兩種最常見的甲癬病原體是須癬毛癬菌紅色毛癬菌[26]常見的體徵和症狀包括指甲變色和增厚、指甲與甲床分離以及指甲變脆。[27]北美,甲癬的患病率在8.7%到13.8%之間。[27]

寄生蟲

寄生蟲性皮膚感染是由幾個生物門引起的,包括環節動物門節肢動物門外肛動物門脊索動物門刺胞動物門藍藻門棘皮動物門線蟲動物門扁形動物門原生動物門[28]

病毒

這些強制性的細胞內製劑引起的與病毒有關的皮膚病源於DNARNA病毒。[29]常見的病毒性皮膚感染包括:

參考文獻

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