生硬言語

在精神病學中，生硬言語(stilted speech)或過度正式言語(pedantic speech)是一種不妥當的正式與嚴謹的溝通方式。^[1]^[2] 這種形式既可以是不當的韻律，也可以是言語內容「浮誇、法律化、哲學或古雅」。^[3]^[4] 通常情況下，此種言語可以作為診斷精神分裂症或自閉症光譜（ASD）的依據，或者作為精神分裂症或分裂性人格障礙的常見症狀的一種思維障礙。^[5]^[6]

為了判斷生硬言語，研究者先前已經觀察到了以下特徵：^[7]

語言傳遞了過多信息
使用書面語，而非日常會話的詞彙和語法
不必要的重複或修正

書面的和冗長單詞內容，通常是生硬言語中最容易識別的特徵，這種言語也表現出不規則的韻律，尤其是在諧振方面。^[7] 通常，生硬言語的音量、音高、頻率和鼻音與正常言語不同，使人們感覺迂腐或者造作。例如，過大的聲音或過高的音調可能會給聽眾造成過於有力的印象，而緩慢或帶鼻音的講話會給人屈尊俯就的印象。^[8]

這些在自閉症患者中常見的症狀，部分解釋了為何生硬言語用於診斷自閉症。^[8]^[7]不當的語調，語義漂移，簡潔和執着，這些都是在與自閉症譜系的青少年交談時常見的缺陷。^[9] 通常，自閉症兒童中發現的生硬言語也會被特別地刻板化或重複練習。

精神分裂症患者也會經歷生硬言語。這種症狀既是由於其無法接觸更常用的詞彙，也是由於其難以理解語用學——即語言與上下文之間的關係。^[10] 然而，生硬言語相較其他精神病症狀不太常見。^[11] 這種認知障礙的因素也表現為自戀型人格疾患的症狀^[12]

參考文獻

^ McKenna P.J., Oh T.M. (2012.) Schizophrenic Speech: Making Sense of Bathroots and Ponds that Fall in Doorways （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00905-8
^ Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. Volkmar, Fred R. New York, NY: Springer. 2013. ISBN 9781441916976. OCLC 822231140.
^ Rosenblau, G; Kliemann, D; Dziobek, I; Heekeren, HR. Emotional prosody processing in autism spectrum disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. February 2017, 12 (2): 224–39. PMC 5390729  . PMID 27531389. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw118.
^ Peter F. Liddle, Royal College of Psychiatrists Disordered mind and brain: the neural basis of mental symptoms, 301 pages RCPsych Publications, 2001 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-901242-65-X
^ Victor Peralta, Manuel J. Cuesta, Jose de Leon Title:Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: A factor analytic study, Publication:Comprehensive Psychiatry Elsevier March–April 1992 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Elsevier Retrieved 2012-01-12
^ [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016 Retrieved 2012-01-12
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Ghaziuddin, M.; Gerstein, L. Pedantic speaking style differentiates Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. December 1996, 26 (6): 585–595. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 8986845. doi:10.1007/bf02172348.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Shriberg, L. D.; Paul, R.; McSweeny, J. L.; Klin, A. M.; Cohen, D. J.; Volkmar, F. R. Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. October 2001, 44 (5): 1097–1115. Bibcode:10.1.1.385.7116 請檢查|bibcode=值 (幫助). ISSN 1092-4388. PMID 11708530. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/087).
^ de Villiers, Jessica; Fine, Jonathan; Ginsberg, Gary; Vaccarella, Liezanne; Szatmari, Peter. Brief report: a scale for rating conversational impairment in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. August 2007, 37 (7): 1375–1380. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 17082976. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0264-1.
^ Covington, Michael A.; He, Congzhou; Brown, Cati; Naçi, Lorina; McClain, Jonathan T.; Fjordbak, Bess Sirmon; Semple, James; Brown, John. Schizophrenia and the structure of language: the linguist's view. Schizophrenia Research. 2005-09-01, 77 (1): 85–98. Bibcode:10.1.1.532.2190 請檢查|bibcode=值 (幫助). ISSN 0920-9964. PMID 16005388. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016.
^ Jeffrey A. Lieberman, T. Scott Stroup, Diana O. Perkins, American Psychiatric Publishing The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of schizophrenia - 435 pages American Psychiatric Pub, 2006 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-58562-191-9
^ S. Akhtar and J. Anderson Thomson, "Overview :Narcissistic personality Disorder" American Journal of Psychiatry 139:1 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Retrieved 2012-01-12

[1] McKenna P.J., Oh T.M. (2012.) Schizophrenic Speech: Making Sense of Bathroots and Ponds that Fall in Doorways （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00905-8

[2] Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. Volkmar, Fred R. New York, NY: Springer. 2013. ISBN 9781441916976. OCLC 822231140.

[Rosenblau2017-3] Rosenblau, G; Kliemann, D; Dziobek, I; Heekeren, HR. Emotional prosody processing in autism spectrum disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. February 2017, 12 (2): 224–39. PMC 5390729  . PMID 27531389. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw118.

[4] Peter F. Liddle, Royal College of Psychiatrists Disordered mind and brain: the neural basis of mental symptoms, 301 pages RCPsych Publications, 2001 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-901242-65-X

[5] Victor Peralta, Manuel J. Cuesta, Jose de Leon Title:Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: A factor analytic study, Publication:Comprehensive Psychiatry Elsevier March–April 1992 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Elsevier Retrieved 2012-01-12

[6] [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016 Retrieved 2012-01-12

[:1-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Ghaziuddin, M.; Gerstein, L. Pedantic speaking style differentiates Asperger syndrome from high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. December 1996, 26 (6): 585–595. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 8986845. doi:10.1007/bf02172348.

[:0-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Shriberg, L. D.; Paul, R.; McSweeny, J. L.; Klin, A. M.; Cohen, D. J.; Volkmar, F. R. Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. October 2001, 44 (5): 1097–1115. Bibcode:10.1.1.385.7116 請檢查|bibcode=值 (幫助). ISSN 1092-4388. PMID 11708530. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/087).

[:2-9] Villiers, Jessica; Fine, Jonathan; Ginsberg, Gary; Vaccarella, Liezanne; Szatmari, Peter. Brief report: a scale for rating conversational impairment in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. August 2007, 37 (7): 1375–1380. ISSN 0162-3257. PMID 17082976. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0264-1.

[10] Covington, Michael A.; He, Congzhou; Brown, Cati; Naçi, Lorina; McClain, Jonathan T.; Fjordbak, Bess Sirmon; Semple, James; Brown, John. Schizophrenia and the structure of language: the linguist's view. Schizophrenia Research. 2005-09-01, 77 (1): 85–98. Bibcode:10.1.1.532.2190 請檢查|bibcode=值 (幫助). ISSN 0920-9964. PMID 16005388. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.016.

[11] Jeffrey A. Lieberman, T. Scott Stroup, Diana O. Perkins, American Psychiatric Publishing The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of schizophrenia - 435 pages American Psychiatric Pub, 2006 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Retrieved 2012-01-12 ISBN 1-58562-191-9

[12] S. Akhtar and J. Anderson Thomson, "Overview :Narcissistic personality Disorder" American Journal of Psychiatry 139:1 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Retrieved 2012-01-12

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]