球蓋菇屬

球蓋菇屬
	銅綠球蓋菇
科學分類
界：	真菌界 Fungi
門：	擔子菌門 Basidiomycota
綱：	傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目：	傘菌目 Agaricales
科：	球蓋菇科 Strophariaceae
屬：	球蓋菇屬 Stropharia; (Fr.) Quél. (1872)
模式種
	銅綠球蓋菇; (Curtis) Quél. (1872)
異名
	Geophila Quél. (1886)

球蓋菇屬（學名：Stropharia、英語：roundheads）是一群中至大型的傘菌，其特徵為蕈柄上有一圈膜質的蕈環。本屬中較有名的物種包括大球蓋菇與銅綠色的銅綠球蓋菇。球蓋菇屬的物種通常不被認為是可食的，且許多種類的可食性受到質疑，但大球蓋菇在剛長成時是可食的，且野外露營者主要食用的菇種之一^[2]。

分類

球蓋菇屬的學名Stropharia衍生自希臘文的στροφος（音strophos），意為「帶狀物」。屬內物種的變異很大，且被認為是個複系群，其中核心支序的共同特徵為形成假根的菌絲體中含有許多棘紅細胞，在Stropharia acanthocystis中，棘紅細胞亦存在於子實層。分子證據分析證明球蓋菇屬核心支序的關係與黏滑菇屬與鱗傘屬較近，而與屬內其他物種（如S. semiglobata）相差較遠。2013年，Scott Redhead將球蓋菇屬中不含棘紅細胞，且囊狀體（英語：cystidia）呈星狀（astrocystidia）者獨立為Protostropharia屬，而Protostropharia semiglobata即為模式種^[3]。

德國真菌學家洛夫·辛格將球蓋菇屬的物種進一步區分為數個組，有些缺乏棘紅細胞的節已被提升為獨立的屬^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]，如2008年提升的Leratiomyces屬是來自球蓋菇屬的Stropholoma節，前述的Protostropharia屬是來自Stercophila節。

屬於迷幻蘑菇的古巴裸蓋菇（英語：Psilocybe cubensis）曾被分類在球蓋菇屬，之後被辛格改分至裸蓋菇屬（英語：Psilocybe），此變動與後續DNA序列分析一致^[4]^[6]^[7]。古巴裸蓋菇的中大型大小、發育完整的蕈環與深色的孢子和球蓋菇外表相像，但應屬於裸蓋菇屬，而和球蓋菇屬沒有密切關係^[8]。

描述

球蓋菇屬的特徵為蕈柄上明顯的蕈環，核心物種菌絲體中含有棘紅細胞。孢子印成熟時多呈中等至深的紫棕色，邊緣為白色，也有部分物種孢子印為鐵鏽般的棕色。

下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：^[9]

Stropharia acanthocystis Cortez & R.M. Silveira
銅綠球蓋菇 Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis) Quél.
- 銅綠球蓋菇黃褐變型 Stropharia aeruginosa f. brunneola Hongo
Stropharia agaricoides P.S. Silva, Cortez & R.M. Silveira
Stropharia agrocyboides (Raithelh.) Raithelh.
Stropharia albivelata (Murrill) Norvell & Redhead
亮白球蓋菇 Stropharia albonitens (Fr.) Quél.
Stropharia albosulphurea (Pat.) Zhu L. Yang
Stropharia ambigua (Peck) Zeller
Stropharia andina Singer
Stropharia apiahyna (Speg.) Cortez & R.M. Silveira
Stropharia araucariae Cortez & R.M. Silveira
二色球蓋菇 Stropharia bicolor Pegler
Stropharia caerulea Kreisel
Stropharia campestris Peck
黃囊球蓋菇 Stropharia chrysocystidia T.X. Meng & T. Bau
Stropharia cifuentesii Bandala, Montoya & Jarvio
Stropharia coccinea A. Pearson ex Pegler
齒環球蓋菇 Stropharia coronilla (Bull.) Quél.
Stropharia coronilliformis Murrill
Stropharia cyanea Tuom.
Stropharia elegans Murrill
Stropharia eximia Benedix
Stropharia farlowiana Raithelh.
Stropharia flocculosipes Singer
Stropharia floridana Murrill
鹽鹼球蓋菇 Stropharia halophila Pacioni
哈德球蓋菇 Stropharia hardii
淺赭色球蓋菇 Stropharia hornemannii (Fr.) S. Lundell & Nannf.
Stropharia imaiana Benedix
塗擦球蓋菇 Stropharia inuncta (Fr.) Quél.
吉林球蓋菇 Stropharia jilinensis T. Bau & E.J. Tian
Stropharia kauffmanii A.H. Sm.
Stropharia lasseri Dennis
假環柄球蓋菇 Stropharia lepiotiformis (Cooke & Massee) Sacc.
Stropharia mammillata Sacc.
黑孢球蓋菇 Stropharia melanosperma (Bull.) Gillet
Stropharia ochraceoviridis García Mon.
Stropharia palustris (Quél.) Sacc.
Stropharia pokhraensis Dhanch. & Bakhukh.
假藍球蓋菇 Stropharia pseudocyanea (Desm.) Morgan
Stropharia purpureoaurantiaca Raithelh.
Stropharia purpureoviolacea Raithelh.
Stropharia rubrobrunnea Senthil. & S.K. Singh
皺環球蓋菇 Stropharia rugomarginata Zeller & Epling
大球蓋菇 Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill, 皺環球蓋菇，酒紅球蓋菇
- 皺環球蓋菇淺黃變型 Stropharia rugosoannulata f. lutea Hongo
Stropharia sanguineopurpurea (Rick) Raithelh.
半球球蓋菇 Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél.
Stropharia semigloboides Murrill
干柄球蓋菇 Stropharia siccipes
Stropharia squamulosa (Massee) Massee
Stropharia stuhlmannii Henn.
Stropharia subbadia Murrill
近鱗球蓋菇 Stropharia subsquamulosa Mitchel & A.H. Sm.
Stropharia subuda Grgur.
Stropharia taediosa (Kalchbr.) D.A. Reid
Stropharia trinitensis (Dennis) Cortez
Stropharia troyana Murrill
Stropharia umbonasceus Morgan
Stropharia umbonatescens (Peck) Sacc.
雜色球蓋菇 Stropharia variicolor Desjardin & Hemmes
Stropharia varzeae (Singer) Cortez
Stropharia venusta P.S. Silva, Cortez & R.M. Silveira
Stropharia viloriana (Dennis) Singer
Stropharia viridula (Schaeff.) Morgan
雲南球蓋菇 Stropharia yunnanensis W.F. Chiu^[10]

參考資料

^ Stropharia (Fr.) Quél. 1872. MycoBank.International Mycological Association. [2011-09-11]. （原始內容存檔於2007-08-22）.
^ Paul Stamets, Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, pg. 334, Ten Speed Press, 3rd ed. (2000), ISBN 1-58008-175-4
^ Redhead SA. Nomenclatural novelties (PDF). Index Fungorum. 2013, 15: 1–2 [2013-11-11]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-03-09）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK. One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 23 (3): 357–400 [2013-11-11]. PMID 12099793. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-20）.
^ Redhead SA. Nomenclatural novelties (PDF). Index Fungorum. 2013, 15: 1–2 [2013-11-11]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-03-09）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Walther G, Garnica S, Weiß M. The systematic relevance of conidiogenesis modes in the gilled Agaricales. Mycological research. 2005, 109 (5): 525–44. PMID 16018308. doi:10.1017/S0953756205002868.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS. Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview (PDF). Mycologia. 2006, 98 (6): 982–95. PMID 17486974. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-03）.
^ O. T. Oss, O. N. Oeric, Psilocybin: magic mushroom grower's guide: a handbook for psilocybin Enthusiasts （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Quick American Archives, 2nded. (1993), ISBN 0-932551-06-8
^ Stropharia (Fr.) W.Saunders & W.G.Sm., 1870. GBIF. [2022-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-05）.
^ da Silva PS, Cortez VG, da Silveira RMB. New species of Stropharia from Araucaria angustifolia forests of southern Brazil. Mycologia. 2009, 101 (4): 539–44. doi:10.3852/08-097.

[urlMycoBank_Stropharia-1] Stropharia (Fr.) Quél. 1872. MycoBank.International Mycological Association. [2011-09-11]. （原始內容存檔於2007-08-22）.

[2] Paul Stamets, Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, pg. 334, Ten Speed Press, 3rd ed. (2000), ISBN 1-58008-175-4

[Redhead_2013a-3] Redhead SA. Nomenclatural novelties (PDF). Index Fungorum. 2013, 15: 1–2 [2013-11-11]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-03-09）.

[Moncalvo2002-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK. One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 23 (3): 357–400 [2013-11-11]. PMID 12099793. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-20）.

[Redhead2013a-5] Redhead SA. Nomenclatural novelties (PDF). Index Fungorum. 2013, 15: 1–2 [2013-11-11]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-03-09）.

[Walther2005-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Walther G, Garnica S, Weiß M. The systematic relevance of conidiogenesis modes in the gilled Agaricales. Mycological research. 2005, 109 (5): 525–44. PMID 16018308. doi:10.1017/S0953756205002868.

[Matheny2006-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Matheny PB, Curtis JM, Hofstetter V, Aime MC, Moncalvo JM, Ge ZW, Slot JC, Ammirati JF, Baroni TJ, Bougher NL, Hughes KW, Lodge DJ, Kerrigan RW, Seidl MT, Aanen DK, DeNitis M, Daniele GM, Desjardin DE, Kropp BR, Norvell LL, Parker A, Vellinga EC, Vilgalys R, Hibbett DS. Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview (PDF). Mycologia. 2006, 98 (6): 982–95. PMID 17486974. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.982. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-03）.

[8] O. T. Oss, O. N. Oeric, Psilocybin: magic mushroom grower's guide: a handbook for psilocybin Enthusiasts （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Quick American Archives, 2nded. (1993), ISBN 0-932551-06-8

[9] Stropharia (Fr.) W.Saunders & W.G.Sm., 1870. GBIF. [2022-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-05）.

[daSilva2009-10] Silva PS, Cortez VG, da Silveira RMB. New species of Stropharia from Araucaria angustifolia forests of southern Brazil. Mycologia. 2009, 101 (4): 539–44. doi:10.3852/08-097.

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