玉黍螺科
玉黍螺科（學名：Littorinidae），又名濱螺科[3]，原屬中腹足目[4]或盤足目[5]，今屬新生腹足類支序（Caenogastropoda）高腹足類支序（Hypsogastropoda）玉黍螺形類支序（Littorinimorpha）的玉黍螺總科（Littorinoidea）。包括有200多個物種。
玉黍螺科
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| Two shells of the common periwinke Littorina littorea | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
| 綱： | 腹足綱 Gastropoda |
| 目： | 玉黍螺目 Littorinimorpha |
| 總科： | 玉黍螺總科 Littorinoidea |
| 科： | 玉黍螺科 Littorinidae Children, 1834[1] |
| 多樣性[2] | |
| 2 freshwater species and numerous marine species. (There are altogether 222 species of Littorinidae mentioned in Wikipedia on 4 August 2010) | |
分類
根據《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)》，本科屬於新生腹足類，包括有以下三個亞科：
- 玉黍螺亞科 Littorininae Children, 1834 - synonyms: Echinininae Rosewater, 1972; Tectariinae Rosewater, 1972; Melaraphidae Starobogatov & Sitnikova, 1983
- Subfamily Lacuninae Gray, 1857 - synonyms: Risellidae Kesteven, 1903; Cremnoconchinae Preston, 1915; Bembiciidae Finlay, 1928.
- Subfamily Laevilitorininae Reid, 1989
屬
玉黍螺科包括下列各屬[6]：
- 玉黍螺亞科 Littorininae
- Afrolittorina Williams, Reid & Littlewood, 2003：有四個物種。
- Austrolittorina Rosewater, 1970：有五個物種。
- Cenchritis von Martens, 1900
- Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 - synonyms: Amerolittorina Reid, 2009;[7]Fossarilittorina Rosewater, 1981; Granulilittorina Habe & Kosuge, 1966; Lineolittorina Reid, 2009[7]
- 玉黍螺屬 Littoraria Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834 - 39 species
- Littorina Férussac, 1822 - 18 species - type genus
- Mainwaringia Nevill, 1885[8]
- Melarhaphe Menke, 1828
- 結節濱螺屬 Nodilittorinavon Martens, 1897[9]
- 豆濱螺屬 Peasiella Nevill, 1885
- 塔玉黍螺屬Tectarius Valenciennes, 1833：有11個物種，其異名或亞屬包括 Echininus Clench & Abbott, 1942
- Lacuninae
- Bembicium Philippi, 1846
- Cremnoconchus Blanford, 1869[8][10]- freshwater snails living in waterfalls.[2]
- Lacuna Turton, 1827 - synonym: Aquilonaria Dall, 1886
- Pellilitorina Pfeffer in Martens & Pfeffer, 1886
- Risellopsis Kesteven, 1902
- Laevilitorininae
- Laevilitorina Pfeiffer, 1886
subfamily ?
- Algamorda Dall, 1918
- Macquariella Finlay, 1927 (?)
- Rissolitorina Ponder, 1966
- Synonyms
參考文獻
- ^ Children J. G. (1834). Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum. ed. 28: 110.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater". Hydrobiologia 595: 149-166. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6.
- ^ 香港紅樹林的動物. 香港特別行政區漁農自然護理署. 2014-07-11 [2015-02-18]. （原始內容存檔於2015-04-02） （中文（繁體））.
- ^ 国际贝库：巨塔玉黍螺. 台灣貝類資料庫. [2009-08-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-02-15）.
- ^ Littoraria melanostoma 黑口玉黍螺. 香港特別行政區漁農自然護理署. [2018-05-31] （中文（繁體））.[永久失效連結]
- ^ Littorinidae. WoRMS.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Reid D. G. (2009) "The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean." Zootaxa 2184: 1-103. abstract （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- ^ 8.0 8.1 (file created 29 July 2010) FRESH WATER MOLLUSCAN SPECIES IN INDIA[永久失效連結]. 11 pp. accessed 31 July 2010.
- ^ S T Williams , D G Reid , D T J Littlewood. A molecular phylogeny of the Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): unequal evolutionary rates, morphological parallelism, and biogeography of the Southern Ocean.. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2003, 1 (1): 60–86. PMID 12801472. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00038-1. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-05）.
- ^ Blanford W. T. (1869). "Notes on some Indian and Mascarene Land-Shells". Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)3: 340-344. page 343.
- Littorinidae. ITIS.
- Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
延伸閱讀
David G. Reid, Suzanne T. Williams. The subfamily Littorininae in the Temperate Southern Hemisphere: the genera Nodilittorina, Austrolittorina and Afrolittorina (PDF). Record of the Australian Museum. 2004, 56: 75–122 [2015-02-15]. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.56.2004.1393. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2005-01-06）.
