灶馬
直翅目的一科昆虫
駝螽科（學名：Rhaphidophoridae），又稱穴螽科，俗稱灶馬、灶馬蟋蟀，是一種屬於直翅目劍尾亞目的昆蟲，有說法表示成語「蛛絲馬跡」之中的馬即指灶馬。[1]
灶馬
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| 一隻種類未知的灶馬 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 目： | 直翅目 Orthoptera |
| 亞目： | 劍尾亞目 Ensifera |
| 總科： | 駝螽總科 Rhaphidophoroidea Walker, 1869 |
| 科： | 駝螽科 Rhaphidophoridae Walker, 1869 |
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構造
體長約18.5至21.5毫米，雌性若算入腹部後端的產卵管則為12.0至23.0毫米；與其他灶馬科昆蟲一樣，即使是成蟲也沒有翅膀。最大的特徵就是擁有極長的觸角，甚至可達到體長的3倍以上；由於牠屬於不完全變態昆蟲，因此幼蟲外表除了在第1至3節身體下有着大量剛毛外與成蟲相同。
下級分類
駝螽科包括以下屬：
- Adiestramima Gorochov, 1998
- Aemodogryllus Adelung, 1902
- Allotachycines Sugimoto & Ichikawa, 2003
- Alpinanoplophilus Ishikawa, 1993
- Ammobaenetes Hubbell, 1936
- Anargyrtes Hubbell, 1972
- Anoplophilus Karny, 1931
- Anoplophilus acuticercus Karny, 1931
- Anoplophilus amagisanus Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus befui Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus esakii Furukawa, 1938
- Anoplophilus hakusanus Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus hasegawai Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus hyonosenensis Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus koreanus Storozhenko & Paik, 2010[2]
- Anoplophilus major Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus minor Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus ohbayashii Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus okadai Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus otariensis Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus shikokuensis Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus takaishii Ishikawa, 2015
- Anoplophilus tominagai Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus tosaensis Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus tsurugisanus Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus utsugidakensis Ishikawa, 2002
- Anoplophilus wakuiae Ishikawa, 2002
- Arboramima Zong, Qin & He, 2021
- Argyrtes Saussure & Pictet, 1897
- Atachycines Furukawa, 1933
- Australotettix Richards, 1964
- Cavernotettix Richards, 1966
- Certhothilus
- Ceuthophilus Scudder, 1862
- Daihinia Haldeman, 1850
- Daihinibaenetes Tinkham, 1962
- Daihiniella Hubbell, 1936
- Daihiniodes Hebard, 1929
- Dendroplectron Richards, 1964
- Diarhaphidophora Gorochov, 2012
- Diestramima Storozhenko, 1990
- Diestrammena Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888
- Dolichopoda Bolívar, 1880
- Euhadenoecus Hubbell, 1978
- Eurhaphidophora Gorochov, 1999
- Eutachycines Storozhenko, 1990
- Exochodrilus Hubbell, 1972
- Farallonophilus Rentz, 1972
- Gammarotettix Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888
- Gigantettix Gorochov, 1998
- Gymnaeta Adelung, 1902
- Gymnaetoides Qin, Liu & Li, 2017
- Hadenoecus Scudder, 1862
- Hemitachycines Storozhenko, 1990
- Hemiudeopsylla Saussure & Pictet, 1897
- Heteromallus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888
- Homotachycines Zhu & Shi, 2022
- Hypsobadistes Hubbell, 1977
- Insulanoplectron Richards, 1970
- Ischyroplectron Hutton, 1896
- Isoplectron Hutton, 1896
- Leodiestramima Storozhenko, 2009
- Leptargyrtes Hubbell, 1972
- Machamata
- Macrobaenetes Tinkham, 1962
- Macropathus Walker, 1869
- Maotoweta Johns & Cook, 2014
- Megadiestramima Storozhenko & Gorochov, 1992
- 巨疾灶螽屬 Megatachycines Zhu, Shi & Zhou, 2022
- Micropathus Richards, 1964
- Microtachycines Gorochov, 1992
- Mimadiestra Storozhenko & Dawwrueng, 2014
- Mimadiestra biloba Storozhenko & Dawwrueng, 2014
- Mimadiestra dicha Zhu, Wu & Shi, 2018
- Mimadiestra gracila Zhu, Wu & Shi, 2018
- Mimadiestra sirindhornae Dawwrueng, Storozhenko & Artchawakom, 2016[3]
- Minirhaphidophora Gorochov, 2002
- Miotopus Hutton, 1898
- Neonetus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888
- Neorhaphidophora Gorochov, 1999
- Neotachycines Sugimoto & Ichikawa, 2003
- Notoplectron Richards, 1964
- Novoplectron Richards, 1958
- Novotettix Richards, 1966
- Orphanotettix Sugimoto & Ichikawa, 2003
- Pachyrhamma Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888
- Pallidoplectron Richards, 1958
- Pallidotettix Richards, 1968
- Paradiestrammena Chopard, 1919
- Paraneonetus Salmon, 1948
- Pararhaphidophora Gorochov, 1999
- 副疾灶螽屬 Paratachycines Storozhenko, 1990
- Parudenus Enderlein, 1910
- Parvotettix Richards, 1968
- Petrotettix Richards, 1972
- Pharmacus Pictet & Saussure, 1893
- Phoberopus Saussure & Pictet, 1897
- Phrixocnemis Scudder, 1894
- Pleioplectron Hutton, 1896
- Pristoceuthophilus Rehn, 1903
- Prorhaphidophora Chopard, 1936
- Protroglophilus Gorochov, 1989
- Pseudotachycines Qin, Liu & Li, 2017
- Rhachocnemis Caudell, 1916
- Rhaphidophora Serville, 1838
- Rhaphidophora abramovi Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora acutelaminata Chopard, 1916
- Rhaphidophora amboinensis Karny, 1930
- Rhaphidophora angulata Ingrisch, 2002
- Rhaphidophora angustifrons Chopard, 1940
- Rhaphidophora arsentiji Gorochov, 2002
- Rhaphidophora baeri Bolívar, 1890
- Rhaphidophora banarensis Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora baronciniturricchiae Di Russo & Rampini, 2017
- Rhaphidophora beccarii Griffini, 1908
- Rhaphidophora beta Karny, 1930
- Rhaphidophora bicornuta Karny, 1937
- Rhaphidophora bidoup Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora biprocera Bian, Zhu & Shi, 2017
- Rhaphidophora bokor Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora brevicauda Karny, 1924
- Rhaphidophora brevipes Karny, 1924
- Rhaphidophora caligulata Zacher, 1909
- Rhaphidophora cambodia Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora cavernicola Chopard, 1916
- Rhaphidophora chopardi Karny, 1924
- Rhaphidophora collina Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora complanatis Lu & Bian, 2022
- Rhaphidophora crassicornis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888
- Rhaphidophora curta Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora curup Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora dammermani Karny, 1924
- Rhaphidophora dehaani Karny, 1920
- Rhaphidophora deusta Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888
- Rhaphidophora digitata Lu & Bian, 2022
- Rhaphidophora doloduo Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora duxiu Lu & Bian, 2022
- Rhaphidophora exigua Gorochov, 2002
- Rhaphidophora fedorenkoi Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora furcifera Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora fusca Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora glenoides Qin, Wang & He, 2024[4]
- Rhaphidophora gracilis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888
- Rhaphidophora heterodentis Shen, Wang & He, 2024[4]
- Rhaphidophora hexagoniproctalis Wang, Di & He, 2024[4]
- Rhaphidophora iliai Gorochov, 2002
- Rhaphidophora imbricofurca Shen, Wang & He, 2024[4]
- Rhaphidophora impressa Wang, Qin & He, 2024[4]
- Rhaphidophora incilis Bian, Zhu & Shi, 2017
- Rhaphidophora indica Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora insularis Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora invalida Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora ivani Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora jambi Gorochov, 2002
- Rhaphidophora khmerica Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora kinabaluensis Karny, 1926
- Rhaphidophora lampung Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora lao Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora lobulata Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora longa Gorochov, 2002
- Rhaphidophora longicauda Ander, 1932
- Rhaphidophora longitabula Bian, Zhu & Shi, 2017
- Rhaphidophora lorelindu Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora loricata (Burmeister, 1838)
- Rhaphidophora magna Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora malayensis Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora mariae Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora marmorata Karny, 1924
- Rhaphidophora mindoro Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora minicauda Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora minuolamella Liu & Zhang, 2002
- Rhaphidophora mohanensis Lu & Bian, 2022
- Rhaphidophora mulmeinensis Chopard, 1916
- Rhaphidophora mutica Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1888
- Rhaphidophora negaraensis Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora neglecta Karny, 1930
- Rhaphidophora obesa Karny, 1924
- Rhaphidophora obtuselaminata Karny, 1924
- Rhaphidophora oophaga Chopard, 1959
- Rhaphidophora pahangensis Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora pangrango Gorochov, 2002
- Rhaphidophora parvicauda Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora phusoy Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora ponapensis Vickery & Kevan, 1999
- Rhaphidophora pubescens Ander, 1932
- Rhaphidophora quadridentata Qin, Jiang, Liu & Li, 2018
- Rhaphidophora quadrispina Liu & Bian, 2021
- Rhaphidophora quadrula Bian, Zhu & Shi, 2017
- Rhaphidophora raoan Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora rasilis Gorochov, 2002
- Rhaphidophora rechingeri Holdhaus, 1909
- Rhaphidophora recta Gorochov, 2002
- Rhaphidophora rhombica Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora rhombifera Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora rongshuiensis Lu & Bian, 2022
- Rhaphidophora rufobrunnea Chopard, 1921
- Rhaphidophora sarasini Karny, 1931
- Rhaphidophora setiformis Qin, Jiang, Liu & Li, 2018
- Rhaphidophora shii Lu & Bian, 2022
- Rhaphidophora sichuanensis Liu & Zhang, 2002
- Rhaphidophora simillima Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora simulata Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora sinica Bey-Bienko, 1962
- Rhaphidophora songbaensis Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora spinifera Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora spinita Lu & Bian, 2022
- Rhaphidophora stenoterminata Zhang, Wang & He, 2024[4]
- Rhaphidophora stridulans Ingrisch, 2006
- Rhaphidophora taiwana Shiraki, 1930[2]
- Rhaphidophora tamanensis Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora testacea Ander, 1932
- Rhaphidophora thaiensis Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora trat Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora vangheua Gorochov, 2012
- Rhaphidophora vasiliji Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora vietensis Gorochov, 1999
- Rhaphidophora wasile Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora wuasa Gorochov, 2013
- Rhaphidophora wuzhishanensis Qin, Jiang, Liu & Li, 2018
- Rhaphidophora xishuang Gorochov, 2012
- Salishella Hebard, 1939
- Setascutum Richards, 1972
- Sinorhaphidophora Qin, Jiang, Liu & Li, 2018
- Spelaeiacris Péringuey, 1916
- Speleotettix Chopard, 1944
- Stonychophora Karny, 1934
- Styracosceles Hubbell, 1936
- 疾灶螽屬 Tachycines Adelung, 1902
- Talitropsis Bolívar, 1882
- Tamdaotettix Gorochov, 1998
- Tasmanoplectron Richards, 1971
- Troglophilus Krauss, 1879
- Tropidischia Scudder, 1862
- Typhloceuthophilus Hubbell, 1940
- Udenus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1900
- Udeopsylla Scudder, 1862
- Utabaenetes Tinkham, 1970
參考
- 灶的讀音：ㄗㄠˋ
- ^ 【奇趣史話】「蛛絲馬跡」的馬係咩？ （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）《蘋果日報》2013年4月16日
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Do-Yoon Kim, Sangil Kim, Hojun Song and Seunggwan Shin. 2024. Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Wingless orthopteran Family Rhaphidophoridae. Communications Biology. 7: 401 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06068-x
- ^ Pattarawich Dawwrueng, Sergey Yu. Storozhenko and Taksin Artchawakom. 2016. Mimadiestra sirindhornae sp. nov. from Thailand (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Aemodogryllinae). The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal. 10(2); 61-66.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Mi Di, Yan-Yan Qin, Zi-Hao Shen, Tao Zhang, Han-Qiang Wang, Kai Li and Zhu-Qing He. 2024. Six New Species of Rhaphidophora from China (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Rhaphidophorinae). European Journal of Taxonomy. 925(1); 76–99. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.925.2453