樺尺蛾

樺尺蛾（學名：Biston betularia），幼蟲又稱樺尺蠖，是廣泛分佈於歐、亞、北美三洲的夜行性尺蛾科物種^[1]。樺尺蠖在生物演化論的科學發展史上有着重大的意義，其演化過程經常被援引作例子^[2]。

樺尺蛾


雄蛾（上）與雌蛾（下），攝於英國
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	節肢動物門 Arthropoda
綱：	昆蟲綱 Insecta
目：	鱗翅目 Lepidoptera
科：	尺蛾科 Geometridae
屬：	突峰尺蛾屬 Biston
種：	樺尺蛾 B. betularia
二名法
*Biston betularia* Linnaeus, 1758
亞種
B. b. betularia B. b. cognataria (Guenée, 1857) B. b. contrasta (Barnes & Benjamin, 1923) B. b. parva Leech, 1897 B. b. nepalensis Inoue, 1982
異名
Phalaena (Geometra) betularia Linnaeus, 1758 Phalaena (Noctua) p-graecum Poda, 1761 marmoraria Sepp, 1792 Phalaena (Geometra) ulmaria Borkhausen, 1794 Eubyja betularia Amphidasis huberaria Ballion, 1866 Amphidasys betularia var. doubledayaria Millière, 1870 Eurbyjodonta concinna Warren, 1899 Biston cognataria alexandrina Wehrli, 1941 Biston (Eubyjodonta) huberaria tienschana Wehrli, 1941 Biston cognataria sinitibetica Wehrli, 1941

分佈

樺尺蠖在中國見於黑龍江、吉林、內蒙古、北京、河北、山西、山東、河南、寧夏、甘肅、青海、新疆、福建、四川、雲南及西藏；中國以外的有俄羅斯、蒙古、日本、北韓、南韓、尼泊爾、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦、土庫曼斯坦、格魯吉亞、阿塞拜疆、亞美尼亞、歐洲及北美洲^[3]。

演化

Biston betularia betularia morpha typica, the white-bodied peppered moth.

Biston betularia betularia morpha carbonaria, the black-bodied peppered moth.

樺尺蠖的英文稱為「斑點蛾」(peppered moth)，因19世紀中葉之前見到的樺尺蠖，都是淺灰色的翅膀上散佈着一些黑色斑點。樺尺蠖在過去二百多年間的演化過程常常被深入研究。 1848年，首次採集到了黑色翅膀的樺尺蠖標本。

英國生物學家凱特·威爾（Bernard Kettlewell）、麥克·馬傑魯斯（Michael Majerus）等用實驗證明了黑蛾的大量出現是鳥類的選擇的結果（自然選擇），而非煤煙等物質的定向誘導（拉馬克主義）。

圖庫

Subspecies parva male
Subspecies parva female
Subspecies nepalensis male
Subspecies nepalensis female

參考資料

^ Grant, Bruce S; Majerus, Michael E. N. Fine tuning the peppered moth paradigm (PDF). Evolution. 1999, 53 (3): 980–4 [2013-03-22]. doi:10.2307/2640740. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-07-24）.
^ Alan Gishlick. Icon 6 — Peppered Moths. National Center for Science Education. 2006-11-23 [2009-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2009-11-05）（英語）.
^ Hongxiang Han, Nan Jiang, Dayong Xue. A review of Biston Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species. ZooKeys. 2011-10-25, 139: 45–96 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1313-2970. doi:10.3897/zookeys.139.1308. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-11）（英語）.

外部連結

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：樺尺蛾

維基物種上的相關資訊：樺尺蛾

Bruce Grant has written several papers on melanism in the peppered moth which are listed on his home page （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
Online lecture: "The rise and fall of the melanic Peppered Moth" presented by Laurence Cook.
Matt Young. Moonshine: Why the Peppered Moth remains an Icon of Evolution. Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines. [2009-01-03]. （原始內容存檔於2009-01-16）.
The Peppered Moth: Decline of a Darwinian Disciple. This is the transcript of Michael Majerus' lecture delivered to the British Humanist Association on Darwin Day 2004.
The Peppered Moth: The Proof of Darwinian Evolution. This is the transcript of Majerus' lecture given at the European Society for Evolutionary Biology meeting on 23 August 2007. The accompanying powerpoint presentation is also available as a pdf file.
Majerus, Michael E. N. Industrial Melanism in the Peppered Moth, Biston betularia: An Excellent Teaching Example of Darwinian Evolution in Action. Evolution: Education and Outreach. 6 December 2008, 2 (1): 63–74 [2010-04-20]. doi:10.1007/s12052-008-0107-y. （原始內容存檔於2019-09-02）. Accusations of data fudging and scientific fraud in the case are found to be vacuous.
An interactive game to simulate how evolution works with Biston betularia

取自 "https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=桦尺蛾&oldid=78667218"