東亞人種

东亚的居民

東亞人種,是主要分佈於包括東亞多個國家境內的多個族群的統稱。現代東亞人、東南亞人和西伯利亞人的祖先通過「南路散佈」途徑南亞進入東南亞大陸,大約在公元前 45,000 年前定居在東亞。截至2020年,東亞地區的總人口為16.77億,佔世界人口的21%。[1]

分佈

人種與民族的含義與範圍各有異同。民族主要基於族群的文化認同,而種族主要基於人類的生物學基礎。在歷史發展過程中,由於文化融合等因素可以使得民族發生變化,同樣種族由於族群的融合等因素,作為遺傳特徵會被保留下來,進而成為研究族群遷移及融合的依據。

東亞人種主要分佈於東亞東南亞北亞地區,漢族壯族傣族京族苗族朝鮮民族大和民族阿伊努族白族回族滿族蒙古族蒙古語族群尼夫赫人羌族琉球族藏族以及雅庫特人都是東亞人。[2][3][4][5][6]東南亞人和西伯利亞人與東亞人關係密切,與美洲原住民有着部分共同的祖先。主要的東亞語系是漢藏語系、日語系、阿伊努語系、蒙古語系、通古斯語系、苗族語系、侗台語系、南島語系和南亞語系。

歷史和遺傳起源

 
東歐亞系統發育:根據目前的推測,東亞人的直接祖先的 ESEA 血統起源於東南亞大陸和中國南部,並向外擴展[7]
 
來自歐亞人群的古代和現代個體的主成分分析[8]

在智人在世界上定居的過程中,大約在 50,000 年前(50 kya)到達了東亞。 早期的「走出非洲」血統(70 kya)在西南亞某處以大約 50 kya 的距離分化為可識別的東亞和西歐亞血統。 早期的東亞人使用一條穿過印度的南方路線進入東南亞。 這個早期的東亞血統在末次盛冰期進一步分化,從東亞大陸傳出,通過白令陸路約 25 kya 對美洲人口做出了重大貢獻。 早期東亞人群可能在大約 35,000 年前的中國某個地方已經初步形成。[9][10][11][12][13]

從 Y-DNA 研究來看,東歐亞父系血統似乎在大約 50,000 年前從一個單一來源的人群在亞洲擴展,該人群帶有父系遺傳C、D 和 K(N、O、P、M 和 S),但這群人同時也是北歐亞人與大洋洲相關人群的祖先。母系(B、F、M7、A、C、D、M等). 他們穿越喜馬拉雅山脈,前往東南亞[14]


根據目前流行的假說,一個獨特的「基礎東亞人口」(稱為「東亞和東南亞血統」(簡稱:「ESEA」);是現代東亞人、東南亞矮黑人、東南亞人、波利尼西亞人和西伯利亞人的祖先), 起源於東南亞大陸(約公元前 45,000 年),並通過多次向南和向北的移民浪潮擴張。 這種「ESEA 血統」也是東南亞 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)狩獵採集者和中國北方發現的天元血統(~40,000BCe)的祖先。「ESEA」血統來自更廣泛的「東歐亞」人群,它也是美洲原住民、古印度土著 (「AASI」) 和澳大利亞人 (「AA」) 的祖先。但值得注意的是,東南亞 Hoabinhian(尼格利陀人)不是現代東南亞人的主要祖先來源,現代東南亞人來自更晚近的東亞人群。[15]

 
K6 人類遺傳祖先常染色體分析,顯示出東亞-東南亞內部遺傳組成更接近,與美洲原住民、安達曼矮黑人、南亞人有較大的差異。[16]

中南大學最近的研究(2019年和2020年)揭示了表徵東亞人的獨特基因和DNA譜系。東亞人可以與歐洲人和非洲人區分開來[17][18]

最新的遺傳學研究,認為智人在出非洲後,首先在距今四萬到五萬年前,分化為西歐亞人英語Ancient West Eurasians(West Eurasian)與東歐亞人英語Ancient Eest Eurasians(East Eurasian)兩個人群,東歐亞人之後又在分化成東亞人(East Asian)、大洋洲人群、古印度土著(AASI)、和平文化人群繩紋人等人群。之後東亞人在約距今兩萬年前,又在分化成了北東亞人英語Ancient Northern East Asian(Northern East Asian)與南東亞人(Southern East Asian),北東亞人是新石器黃河農夫、古東北亞人與新西伯利亞人的主要基因來源,而南東亞人是新石器長江農夫與現代東南亞人的主要基因來源。現代中國人是在距今萬年以內,由北東亞人與南東亞人混合而形成的。[19] [20][21][22]

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參見

  • 漢民族的起源與形成—體質人類學的新視角
  • 劉海萍,雲南蒙古族體質特徵與群體遺傳學特性研究
  • 埃里克斯·瑞里 (Alex Riley),西藏人如何在「世界屋脊」生存