基本定義
歷史
虛數圓角定義
與三角函數的類比
恆等式
雙曲函數的導數
d
d
x
sinh
x
=
cosh
x
d
d
x
cosh
x
=
sinh
x
d
d
x
tanh
x
=
1
−
tanh
2
x
=
sech
2
x
=
1
cosh
2
x
d
d
x
coth
x
=
1
−
coth
2
x
=
−
csch
2
x
=
−
1
sinh
2
x
x
≠
0
d
d
x
sech
x
=
−
tanh
x
sech
x
d
d
x
csch
x
=
−
coth
x
csch
x
x
≠
0
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {d}{dx}}\sinh x&=\cosh x\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\cosh x&=\sinh x\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\tanh x&=1-\tanh ^{2}x=\operatorname {sech} ^{2}x={\frac {1}{\cosh ^{2}x}}\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\coth x&=1-\coth ^{2}x=-\operatorname {csch} ^{2}x=-{\frac {1}{\sinh ^{2}x}}&&x\neq 0\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {sech} x&=-\tanh x\operatorname {sech} x\\{\frac {d}{dx}}\operatorname {csch} x&=-\coth x\operatorname {csch} x&&x\neq 0\end{aligned}}}
雙曲函數的泰勒展開式
雙曲函數也可以以泰勒級數 展開:
sinh
x
=
x
+
x
3
3
!
+
x
5
5
!
+
x
7
7
!
+
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
x
2
n
+
1
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
{\displaystyle \sinh x=x+{\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {x^{5}}{5!}}+{\frac {x^{7}}{7!}}+\cdots =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}}}
cosh
x
=
1
+
x
2
2
!
+
x
4
4
!
+
x
6
6
!
+
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
x
2
n
(
2
n
)
!
{\displaystyle \cosh x=1+{\frac {x^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {x^{4}}{4!}}+{\frac {x^{6}}{6!}}+\cdots =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {x^{2n}}{(2n)!}}}
tanh
x
=
x
−
x
3
3
+
2
x
5
15
−
17
x
7
315
+
⋯
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
2
2
n
(
2
2
n
−
1
)
B
2
n
x
2
n
−
1
(
2
n
)
!
,
|
x
|
<
π
2
{\displaystyle \tanh x=x-{\frac {x^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {2x^{5}}{15}}-{\frac {17x^{7}}{315}}+\cdots =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {2^{2n}(2^{2n}-1)B_{2n}x^{2n-1}}{(2n)!}},\left|x\right|<{\frac {\pi }{2}}}
coth
x
=
1
x
+
x
3
−
x
3
45
+
2
x
5
945
+
⋯
=
1
x
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
2
2
n
B
2
n
x
2
n
−
1
(
2
n
)
!
,
0
<
|
x
|
<
π
{\displaystyle \coth x={\frac {1}{x}}+{\frac {x}{3}}-{\frac {x^{3}}{45}}+{\frac {2x^{5}}{945}}+\cdots ={\frac {1}{x}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {2^{2n}B_{2n}x^{2n-1}}{(2n)!}},0<\left|x\right|<\pi }
(羅朗級數 )
sech
x
=
1
−
x
2
2
+
5
x
4
24
−
61
x
6
720
+
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
E
2
n
x
2
n
(
2
n
)
!
,
|
x
|
<
π
2
{\displaystyle \operatorname {sech} \,x=1-{\frac {x^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {5x^{4}}{24}}-{\frac {61x^{6}}{720}}+\cdots =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {E_{2n}x^{2n}}{(2n)!}},\left|x\right|<{\frac {\pi }{2}}}
csch
x
=
1
x
−
x
6
+
7
x
3
360
−
31
x
5
15120
+
⋯
=
1
x
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
2
(
1
−
2
2
n
−
1
)
B
2
n
x
2
n
−
1
(
2
n
)
!
,
0
<
|
x
|
<
π
{\displaystyle \operatorname {csch} \,x={\frac {1}{x}}-{\frac {x}{6}}+{\frac {7x^{3}}{360}}-{\frac {31x^{5}}{15120}}+\cdots ={\frac {1}{x}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {2(1-2^{2n-1})B_{2n}x^{2n-1}}{(2n)!}},0<\left|x\right|<\pi }
(羅朗級數 )
其中
B
n
{\displaystyle B_{n}}
是第
n
{\displaystyle n}
項伯努利數
E
n
{\displaystyle E_{n}}
是第
n
{\displaystyle n}
項歐拉數
無限積與連續分數形式
雙曲函數的積分
∫
sinh
c
x
d
x
=
1
c
cosh
c
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \sinh cx\,\mathrm {d} x={\frac {1}{c}}\cosh cx+C}
∫
cosh
c
x
d
x
=
1
c
sinh
c
x
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \cosh cx\,\mathrm {d} x={\frac {1}{c}}\sinh cx+C}
∫
tanh
c
x
d
x
=
1
c
ln
(
cosh
c
x
)
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \tanh cx\,\mathrm {d} x={\frac {1}{c}}\ln(\cosh cx)+C}
∫
coth
c
x
d
x
=
1
c
ln
|
sinh
c
x
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \coth cx\,\mathrm {d} x={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|\sinh cx\right|+C}
∫
sech
c
x
d
x
=
1
c
arctan
(
sinh
c
x
)
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \operatorname {sech} cx\,\mathrm {d} x={\frac {1}{c}}\arctan(\sinh cx)+C}
∫
csch
c
x
d
x
=
1
c
ln
|
tanh
c
x
2
|
+
C
{\displaystyle \int \operatorname {csch} cx\,\mathrm {d} x={\frac {1}{c}}\ln \left|\tanh {\frac {cx}{2}}\right|+C}
與指數函數的關係
從雙曲正弦和餘弦的定義,可以得出如下恆等式:
e
x
=
cosh
x
+
sinh
x
{\displaystyle e^{x}=\cosh x+\sinh x}
和
e
−
x
=
cosh
x
−
sinh
x
{\displaystyle e^{-x}=\cosh x-\sinh x}
複數的雙曲函數
反雙曲函數
反雙曲函數 是雙曲函數的反函數 。它們的定義為:
arsinh
(
x
)
=
ln
(
x
+
x
2
+
1
)
arcosh
(
x
)
=
ln
(
x
+
x
2
−
1
)
;
x
≥
1
artanh
(
x
)
=
1
2
ln
(
1
+
x
1
−
x
)
;
|
x
|
<
1
arcoth
(
x
)
=
1
2
ln
(
x
+
1
x
−
1
)
;
|
x
|
>
1
arsech
(
x
)
=
ln
(
1
x
+
1
−
x
2
x
)
;
0
<
x
≤
1
arcsch
(
x
)
=
ln
(
1
x
+
1
+
x
2
|
x
|
)
;
x
≠
0
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arsinh} (x)&=\ln \left(x+{\sqrt {x^{2}+1}}\right)\\\operatorname {arcosh} (x)&=\ln \left(x+{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right);x\geq 1\\\operatorname {artanh} (x)&={\frac {1}{2}}\ln \left({\frac {1+x}{1-x}}\right);\left|x\right|<1\\\operatorname {arcoth} (x)&={\frac {1}{2}}\ln \left({\frac {x+1}{x-1}}\right);\left|x\right|>1\\\operatorname {arsech} (x)&=\ln \left({\frac {1}{x}}+{\frac {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}{x}}\right);0<x\leq 1\\\operatorname {arcsch} (x)&=\ln \left({\frac {1}{x}}+{\frac {\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}{\left|x\right|}}\right);x\neq 0\end{aligned}}}
參考文獻
^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Weisstein, Eric W. (編). Hyperbolic Functions . at MathWorld --A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2020-08-29 ] . (原始內容 存檔於2022-05-21) (英語) .
^ Eves, Howard, Foundations and Fundamental Concepts of Mathematics , Courier Dover Publications: 59, 2012, ISBN 9780486132204 , We also owe to Lambert the first systematic development of the theory of hyperbolic functions and, indeed, our present notation for these functions.
^ Ratcliffe, John, Foundations of Hyperbolic Manifolds , Graduate Texts in Mathematics 149 , Springer: 99, 2006 [2014-03-27 ] , ISBN 9780387331973 , (原始內容存檔 於2014-01-12), That the area of a hyperbolic triangle is proportional to its angle defect first appeared in Lambert's monograph Theorie der Parallellinien , which was published posthumously in 1786.
^ Augustus De Morgan (1849) Trigonometry and Double Algebra (頁面存檔備份 ,存於互聯網檔案館 ), Chapter VI: "On the connection of common and hyperbolic trigonometry"
^ G. Osborn, Mnemonic for hyperbolic formulae [失效連結 ] , The Mathematical Gazette, p. 189, volume 2, issue 34, July 1902
參見