使用者:Zhaixudong/草稿/西班牙語不規則動詞
西班牙語動詞是西班牙語語法一個複雜的區域,許多組合的時間、方式和情緒(第個動詞多至五十多種變位形式)。 雖然變位的規則是相對直接的,有大量的動詞是不規則的。 其中有些屬於多或少的定義偏差模式,而另一些則是獨特的不規則。這篇文章總結了共同的不規則的模式。
拼寫變化
由於西班牙語正寫法的規則,某些可預測的變化都需要保持同樣的輔音之前, a/o 和 e/i,但這些並不是通常被認為是違規行為。 下述例子使用第一人稱複數本虛擬的:
- c/qu: tocar > toquemos, delinquir > delincamos.
- z/c: gozar > gocemos, vencer > venzamos.
- g/j: proteger > protejamos. But in verbs ending in -jar, the j is kept before e: mojar > mojemos.
- g/gu: negar > neguemos, distinguir > distingamos.
- gu/gü: averiguar > averigüemos.
Other predictable changes involve stress marks, i/y alternances and i-dropping, some of which are sometimes considered as irregularities. The examples are several forms of otherwise regular preterites:
- Stress mark on stressed i after a/e/o: caer > caímos, leer > leímos, oír > oímos.
- Stress mark not used in monosyllabic forms: liar > lie, lio; ver > vi, vio. However, the forms lié and lió, fié and fió, guié and guió, and crié and crió can also be written with the accent mark by writers who pronounce these forms as bisyllabic.[1] But this option is not available for vio).
- Unstressed i is written y between vowels: caer > cayó, cayeron.
- Unstressed i is dropped between ll/ñ and a vowel: bullir > bulló (not *bullió"), tañer > tañó.
詞根元音變化
有兩種類型的變化可能影響干的元音的一些西班牙語動詞: diphthongization 和 元提高的。 這兩個變化影響 -e- 或是 -o- 在最後一個(或)音節的詞幹。 Diphthongization變化 -e- 來 -ie-和 -o- 對 -ue-的。 韻母撫養的變化 中元音 e 和 o 的相應 高音: 我- 和 -u- 分別。 一些動詞,在他們的各種形式,可以表現出這兩種變化(例如 [[wikt:{{{1}}}#Spanish|{{{1}}}]]
, {{{1}}}]], {{{1}}}]]; {{{1}}}]], {{{1}}}]], {{{1}}}]]條)。
雙元音
Some verbs with -e- or -o- in their stem are inherently diphthongizing, whereas others are not: their identities must be learned individually. In a diphthongizing verb, the change turns -e- into -ie- and -o- into -ue- when the syllable in question is stressed, which in effect happens only in the singular persons and third-person plural of the present indicative and present subjunctive, and in the imperative (all other tenses and forms are stressed on their endings, not their stems). Note that the dictionary form always has the vowel, not the diphthong, because, in the infinitive form, the stress is on the ending, not the stem. Exceptionally, the -u- of jugar and the -i- of adquirir also are subject to diphthongization (juega, etc.; adquiere, etc.).
In word-initial position, *ie- is written ye- (errar > yerro) and *ue- is written hue- (oler > huele). Also, the -ue- diphthong is written -üe- after g, with the diaeresis to indicate that the letter is not silent (avergonzarse > me avergüenzo).
以下例子顯示,所有三個詞(-ar, er,和 紅外 的動詞)包括一些diphthongizing動詞(只有一些時間和人員都顯示,對比的目的):
現在時陳述語氣
Verbs | Yo | Tú | Vos | Él / Ella / Usted | Nosotros / Nosotras | Vosotros / Vosotras | Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pensar | pienso | piensas | pensás | piensa | pensamos | pensáis | piensan |
contar | cuento | cuentas | contás | cuenta | contamos | contáis | cuentan |
perder | pierdo | pierdes | perdés | pierde | perdemos | perdéis | pierden |
moler | muelo | mueles | molés | muele | molemos | moléis | muelen |
oler | huelo | hueles | olés | huele | olemos | oléis | huelen |
sentir | siento | sientes | sentís | siente | sentimos | sentís | sienten |
dormir | duermo | duermes | dormís | duerme | dormimos | dormís | duermen |
現在時虛擬語氣
Verbs | Yo | Tú | Vos (*) | Él / Ella / Usted | Nosotros / Nosotras | Vosotros / Vosotras | Ellos / Ellas / Ustedes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pensar | piense | pienses | pienses / pensés | piense | pensemos | penséis | piensen |
contar | cuente | cuentes | cuentes / contés | cuente | contemos | contéis | cuenten |
perder | pierda | pierdas | pierdas / perdás | pierda | perdamos | perdáis | pierdan |
moler | muela | muelas | muelas / molás | muela | molamos | moláis | muelan |
oler | huela | huelas | huelas / olás | huela | olamos | oláis | huelan |
sentir | sienta | sientas | sientas / sintás | sienta | sintamos | sintáis | sientan |
dormir | duerma | duermas | duermas / durmás | duerma | durmamos | durmáis | duerman |
(*)在中美洲 pensés, contés,等等。 使用引用錯誤:<ref>
標籤中未填內容的引用必須填寫name屬性 但是,西班牙皇家學院規定 pienses, cuentes等, 根據 Rioplatense西班牙語的。
祈使語氣
Verbs | Tú | Vos | Vosotros / Vosotras | Usted |
---|---|---|---|---|
pensar | piensa | pensá | pensad (*) | piense |
contar | cuenta | contá | contad (*) | cuente |
perder | pierde | perdé | perded (*) | pierda |
moler | muele | molé | moled (*) | muela |
oler | huele | olé | oled (*) | huela |
sentir | siente | sentí | sentid (*) | sienta |
dormir | duerme | dormí | dormid (*) | duerma |
- (*)只用西班牙。 正式的動詞的複數形式,必須結束在 -d,但在口語使用的最常見的偶結束 -r : pensar,contar,等等。
注意 sentir 和 這家 還經歷 的元音識的。 另外diphthongizing動詞包括 acordar(se), divertir(se), doler時, 開始與,, encontrar, entender, llover, morir, mostrar,可 移動器, poder, probar, querer, recordar, sentar(se), 特納, venir, 掌,並 volver的。
許多動 -e- 或是 -o- 在根本做 不是 替代。 常見的非diphthongizing動詞包括 acercar(se), 放機, 後起之秀中, comprar, conocer, 擲的, creer, deber, dejar, entrar, esperar, lamentar, llegar中, 執時, 計時, parecer, poner, prometer, quedar, regresar中, 應答的, suceder, 特梅,並 tomar的。
不太頻繁的動詞的這種往往是源的的錯誤,對於兒童學習,也為一些成年人:
- rebosar → 喲*rebue所以, él*rebuesa... 而不是 喲rebo因此,él rebosa...
元音提升
元音提升出現在動詞的第三種變位(-ir動詞),and in this group it affects dormir, morir, podrir (alternative of the more common pudrir) 和幾乎所有詞根的最後元音中包含 -e-的動詞(如:sentir, repetir);例外情況包括cernir、discernir和concernir(所有三元音)。
受影響的形式
The forms that exhibit the change can be described negatively as those in which the stem vowel is not diphthongized and the ending does not contain stressed /í/[2] or the /ir/ sequence. In other words, vowel raising affects the forms whose endings do not contain an i which is not part of a diphthong, taking into account that diphthongizing overrides vowel raising.
In effect, for diphthongizing verbs (e.g. sentir, dormir), the vowel-raising forms are:
- the first-person and second-person plural of the present subjunctive (sintamos, sintáis, durmamos, durmáis);
- the gerund (sintiendo, durmiendo);
- the third-person singular and plural of the preterite (sintió, sintieron, durmió, durmieron);
- all forms of the imperfect subjunctive (sintiera/sintiese..., durmiera/durmiese...) and of the future subjunctive (sintiere..., durmiere...).
For non-diphthongizing verbs (e.g. pedir) it affects these same forms (pidamos, pidáis, pidiendo, pidió, pidieron, pidiera...), plus:
- in the present indicative, all singular forms and the third-person plural (pido, pides, pide, piden);
- the remaining forms of the present subjunctive (pida, pidas, pidan);
- the tú form of the imperative (pide).
The forms which do not undergo either diphthongizing or vowel raising are:
- the first-person and second-person plural of the present indicative (sentimos, sentís), because these forms have stressed /í/ in their endings.
- the infinitive (sentir), past participle (sentido), imperfect indicative (sentía...) and the vos and vosotros/as forms of the imperative (sentí, sentid), for the same reason.
- the future (sentiré...) and conditional (sentiría...), whose endings contain the /ir/ sequence.
受影響的動詞
Verbs which are diphthongizing and vowel-raising include:
- 以-entir結尾的(sentir, mentir, arrepentirse...) and -ertir (convertir, advertir...);
- 以-erir結尾的 (herir、requerir、preferir、digerir……),除了aterir;
- venir及其派生動詞(convenir、prevenir……) in the gerund (viniendo...), as the rest of forms undergo other overriding irregularities.
- dormir和morir。
The diphthongizing -er verb poder exceptionally undergoes vowel rising in the gerund (pudiendo), but the first- and second-person plural of the present subjunctive are regular (podamos, podáis).
Non-diphthongizing vowel-rising verbs include:
- those ending in -edir (medir, pedir, despedir...), -etir (competir, repetir) and -egir (corregir, elegir...; note forms with j before a/o such as corrijo, corrija).
- those ending in -eír (reír, sonreír, freír, desleír). Double i that would result is simplified (rieron, not *riieron or *riyeron). Note that stressed i in contact with a/e/o must take an acute accent (río, ríe, ría) but monosyllabic forms of the preterite do not have it (rio, riais, but rió and riáis also valid if you pronounce them in two syllables).
- those ending in -eñir (teñir, ceñir...). Note that unstressed i between ñ and a vowel is dropped (tiñendo, tiñó, tiñeron, tiñera...).
- decir and derived verbs (bendecir, predecir...), in the forms that do not undergo other overriding irregularities.
- embestir.
- podrir. Note that the affected forms are equal to those derived from the more usual infinitive pudrir, which is regular except in the past participle podrido.
The vowel-raising verb erguir is usually diphthongizing (with ye- forms as yergo...), not-diphthongizing forms are however valid but rare (irgo...).
雙元音和間斷
Cambio 與 envío
雙元音 的無限可以保留在整個共軛或破碎的形式,強調在干,取決於是否 我 或 u 接觸 a/e/o 採取的壓力或沒有。 強調元的標誌是大膽的實例: cambiar > c個mbio,但 enviar > env'o (需要一個尖銳的口音來表示造成 的沉寂). 在 實Academia Española 不考慮行為不規則的,但說明了每個有六個"定期"的模型,每一個可能的雙元音在不定: anunciar,averiguar,bailar,causar,peinar 和 adeudar 為雙元音-保留動詞和 enviar,actuar,aislar,aunar,descafeinar 和 rehusar 為雙元音-打破的。 記住,存在沉默 h 不會破壞雙元音,這樣一個書面的口音是需要無論如何在 reh→使用。
所有的動詞結束 -瓜 是雙元音-保持,以及 saciar, desairar, restaurar 和 reinar的。 請注意,兩個dipththongs保持在 desahuciar > des一hucio (再次 -h- 沒有差別),而下這兩個 anunciar 和 causar 模型。
雙元音-破壞的動詞包括 ahincar,aislar,aunar,aullar,maullar,aupar,aliar,vaciar,contrariar,evaluar,habituar,reunir的。 動詞 criar,fiar,guiar,騙子 和 piar 也是雙元音-打破(cr'o、古'e),但當的壓力,落在結局得到的形式是一般認為,單音節詞,這樣寫沒有口音: crie的,外商投資企業,guiais,lieis.... 儘管如此,可以按照經常加重的規則,如果宣布這些形式為bisyllabic: crié,guiáis...
以-uir和-oír結尾的動詞
All verbs ending in -uir (e.g. construir, disminuir, distribuir) add a medial -y- before all endings not starting with i: construyo, construyes, construya... Taking into account that these verbs also undergo the change of unstressed intervocalic i to y (see orthographical changes above), they have many forms containing y.
This also applies to the forms of oír and desoír that do not undergo the -ig- change: oyes, oye, oyen
Again, note that some regular forms of fluir, fruir and huir are written without stress mark if considered monosyllabic, but may bear it if pronounced as bisyllabic: vosotros huis or huís (present), yo hui or huí (preterite).
注意,在邏輯上argüir加上y的時侯,將失去沒有意義的分音符:arguyo、arguyó……
其他常見的不規則模式
er/ir動詞,結尾為o/a的變化
在er和ir動詞中,第一人稱單數的一般陳述語和一般虛擬語氣,是僅有的以o/a結尾的變化,用e/i代替。這兩種不同拼讀環境使拉丁語形式演變成不同的很多詞,導致違規行為。 注意:
- 每當第一人稱單稱的一般時陳述句有一個不規則而不是雙元音,但仍然是結束在 -o,整個本虛擬共享相同的違規行為:
- hacer > hago, haga...
- lucir > luzco, luzca...
- caber > quepo, quepa...
- ver > veo, vea...; prever > preveo, prevea...
- 當第一個奇異的本指示並沒有結束 -o,本虛擬語氣也是不規則的,但在一個不同的方式:
- ser > soy, sea...
- ir > voy, vaya...
- haber > he, haya
- saber > sé, sepa...
G動詞
在o(第一人稱單數的陳述語氣一般時)與a之前(所有人稱的虛擬語氣一般時),所謂G動詞(有時也叫「go動詞」或「yo-go」動詞)在l和n後面(也在asir的s後面)添加一個中間的-g-,當詞根結尾是元音添加-ig-,或是用-g-替代-c-。注意,這個變化「廢棄」了雙元音(tener, venir)但與元音提升(decir)「組合」。許多這些動作在其它方法也不規則。例如:
- salir: yo salgo, tú sales...
- valer: yo valgo, tú vales...
- poner: yo pongo, tú pones...
- tener: yo tengo, tú tienes...
- venir: yo vengo , tú vienes...
- caer: yo caigo, tú caes...
- traer: yo traigo, tú traes...
- oír: yo oigo, tú oyes...
- hacer: yo hago, tú haces...
- decir: yo digo, tú dices...
- asir: yo asgo, tú ases...
ZC動詞
這個小組的動詞—它起源於拉丁 加的動詞 ,但現在包括其他的動詞作為良好的替代品 -zc- 干-最後 -c- 之前 o 和 a. 該小組成員包括幾乎所有的動詞結束 -宏 (除 hacer 和衍生的動詞), -ecer (除 mecer 和 remecer), -ocer (除 cocer 和衍生的動詞),以及 -ucir的。 例如:
- nacer: yo nazco, tú naces...
- crecer: yo crezco, tú creces...
- conocer: yo conozco, tú conoces...
- producir: yo produzco, tú produces...
Yacer may alternatively be conjugated with -zc- (yazco), -g- (yago) or a compromise -zg- (yazgo).
在過去時和衍生的時態異常詞幹
一些動詞(包括大多G動詞)在過去時中有一個完全不同的詞幹。這些詞幹非常老,經常能夠在拉丁語中找到。同樣的不規則詞幹也能在虛擬未完成時(在-ra和-se的形式中)和虛擬將來時中出現。詞幹的異常因為:
- they are stressed in the first and third persons singular, ending in unstressed -e and -o respectively (while in all other cases the preterite gets the stress over the suffix).
- the rest of the endings are the usual for -er/-ir verbs even for the -ar verbs estar and andar.
- in the verbs with -je preterite (conducir, decir, traer...) 在j和一個元音之間的非重音的i消失:ellos trajeron, yo trajera... Note that this doesn't happen with regular or vowel-raising -ger/-jer/-gir/-jir verbs (proteger > protegieron, tejer > tejieron, corregir > corrigieron, crujir > crujieron).
- estar → estuv-: yo estuve, tú/vos estuviste(s), él estuvo..., ellos estuvieron; yo estuviera...
- andar → anduv-: yo anduve, tú/vos anduviste(s), él anduvo..., ellos anduvieron; yo anduviera...
- tener → tuv-: yo tuve, tú/vos tuviste(s), él tuvo..., ellos tuvieron; yo tuviera...
- haber → hub-: yo hube, tú/vos hubiste(s), él hubo..., ellos hubieron; yo hubiera...
- caber → cup-: yo cupe, tú/vos cupiste(s), él cupo..., ellos cupieron; yo cupiera...
- saber → sup-: yo supe, tú/vos supiste(s), él supo..., ellos supieron; yo supiera...
- venir → vin-: yo vine, tú/vos viniste(s), él vino..., ellos vinieron; yo viniera...
- poder → pud-: yo pude, tú/vos pudiste(s), él pudo..., ellos pudieron; yo pudiera...
- poner → pus-: yo puse, tú/vos pusiste(s), él puso..., ellos pusieron; yo pusiera...
- hacer → hic-/hiz-: yo hice, tú/vos hiciste(s), él hizo..., ellos hicieron; yo hiciera...
- reducir → reduj-: yo reduje, tu/vos redujiste(s), él redujo.., ellos condujeron; yo condujera...
- decir → dij-: yo dije, tú/vos dijiste(s), él dijo..., ellos dijeron; yo dijera...
不規則的過去分詞
一些動詞有不規則的過去分詞,有時被稱為"強有力",因為變化是在根源,而不是一個結局。 這包括動詞,這是不規則在許多其他方面,如 poner 和 decir,但對其他一些動詞,這是他們唯一的不規範(例如 abrir, 褲),同時一些很不規則動詞( ser 和 ir)有定期的過去分詞。 實例:
- abrir → abierto, morir → muerto, volver → vuelto,以 式和過多的環境居住的動 → devuelto...
- 褲 → roto, escribir → escrito...
- ver → visto, prever → previsto, poner → 衛生站,以 componer → compuesto...
- hacer → hecho, rehacer → rehecho, decir → dicho, predecir → predicho (但 bendecir → bendecido, maldecir → maldecido)...
- pudrir → podrido的。
有三個動詞,有定期的和不規則的過去分詞。 兩種形式都可使用的當綴的化合物時態和被動語音輔助動詞 haber 和 ser,但不規則的形式通常是唯一一個使用作為一個形容詞:
- freír → 他freído 或 他菲多利,但 帕帕斯fritas的。
- imprimir → 他imprimido 或 他impreso,但 假證件的該公司的。
- proveer → 他proveído 或 他provisto, una棚薩bien普羅維斯塔 遠遠更多的通常比 una棚薩bien proveída的。
一些其他的"強有力"的過去分詞,例如 pinto, ducho, electo,而其他一些已經過時,對一般的使用,但是偶爾使用西班牙(以及在較小程度上在 西班牙美國)當中,受過教育的、風格-意識的作家,或在語言上的之乎者也如諺語(refranes).
其他
動詞ser(to be)和ir(to go)both exhibit irregularities in the present, imperfect and preterite forms. Together with ver (to see) and prever (to foresee), they are the only four verbs with irregular imperfect indicative. Their tú imperative forms are sé, ve (for both ir and ver, although mirar is more common than ver in commands) and prevé. Their vos imperative forms are sé, andá (the verb andar replaces ir), ve and prevé.
現在時陳述語氣 | 祈使語氣 | 過去時 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ser | ir | ver | prever | ser | ir | ver | prever | ser/ir | ver | prever | ||||
yo | soy | voy | veo | preveo | era | iba | veía | preveía | fui | vi | preví | |||
tú | eres | vas | ves | prevés | eras | ibas | veías | preveías | fuiste | viste | previste | |||
vos | sos | |||||||||||||
él, ella | es | va | ve | prevé | era | iba | veía | preveía | fue | vio | previó | |||
nosotros/as | somos | vamos | vemos | prevemos | éramos | íbamos | veíamos | preveíamos | fuimos | vimos | previmos | |||
vosotros/as | sois | vais | veis | prevéis | erais | ibais | veíais | preveíais | fuisteis | visteis | previsteis | |||
ellos/as | son | van | ven | prevén | eran | iban | veían | preveían | fueron | vieron | previeron |
Remember that whenever the preterite is irregular, the imperfect subjunctive (-ra and -se forms) and the dated future subjunctive (-re) share the same irregularity; indeed, these tenses may always be correctly formed by substituting the appropriate endings for the -ron ending of the third person plural preterite: fueron > fuera/fuese,...; fuere....
The verbs dar (to give) and estar (to be) both exhibit irregularities in the present indicative and present subjunctive because their stems cannot be stressed (in dar the stem is just d-, in estar it was originally st-). The form dé is so written to distinguish it from the preposition de. Both verbs are also irregular in the preterite and derived tenses: dar follows the pattern of regular -er/-ir verbs, while estar has an anomalous preterite stem and follows the corresponding common pattern:
現在時陳述語氣 | 現在時虛擬語氣 | 過去時 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dar | estar | dar | estar | dar | estar | ||||
yo | doy | estoy | dé | esté | di | estuve | |||
tú, vos | das | estás | des | estés | diste | estuviste | |||
él, ella | da | está | dé | esté | dio | estuvo | |||
nosotros/as | damos | estamos | demos | estemos | dimos | estuvimos | |||
vosotros/as | dais | estáis | deis | estéis | disteis | estuvisteis | |||
ellos/as | dan | están | den | estén | dieron | estuvieron |
參考文獻
- ^ Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, "tilde"2. n.1.2.
- ^ Terrell, Tracy D., and Salgués de Cargill, Maruxa, Lingüística aplicada a la enseñanza del español a anglohablantes (New York: Wiley, 1979), p. 97.
外部連結
- 詞典的西班牙皇家學院的。 它設有一個 Conjugar 按鈕在每個動詞的條目。
- Onoma 西班牙文原形的。 它提供的信息有關的違規行為,並結合物發明的動詞。
- 常不規則的西班牙語動詞和音頻的例子
- 西班牙語動詞原形 堂吉訶德班牙語學校
- 網絡的西班牙語動詞變位 的免費在線西班牙語動詞變位
- 西班牙綴 西班牙文原形的。 12 000名詞偶聯。
- Diccionario panhispánico de杜達斯. Apéndice1:Modelos de conjugación口頭的。
[[Category:各語言動詞]]